Hurma çekirdeklerinden hidrotermal yöntemle sürdürülebilir karbon esaslı malzemelerin üretilmesi, kirlilik giderme ve süperkapasitör performanslarının incelenmesi
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Tarih
2022-10-04
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Batman Üniversitesi Lisansüstü Eğitim Enstitüsü
Erişim Hakkı
info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
Özet
Bu yüksek lisans çalışmasındaki temel amaç atıl durumdaki biyokütleden karbon esaslı malzemeler hazırlamak, hazırlanan bu malzemelerin atık sulardaki boyarmadde kirliliğini giderme kapasitelerini belirlemek ve süperkapasitör olarak kullanımının uygunluğunu tespit etmektir. Son yıllarda atık biyokütlelerden karbon esaslı fonksiyonel malzemelerin elde edilmesinde kullanılan yöntemlerden bir tanesi de hidrotermal karbonizasyon (HTK) yöntemidir. Bunun için özellikle ülkemizde Ramazan aylarında ciddi anlamda atığı oluşan hurma çekirdekleri (HÇ) hammadde olarak kullanılabilir. HÇ’ den elde edilen hidrokömürün (HÇHK) optimum üretim koşulları, karakterizasyonu, adsorpsiyon kapasitesi ve süperkapasitör performansının tespiti üzerine deneysel ve spektroskopik çalışmalar gerçekleştirildi. Ayrıca HÇ’ den optimum koşullarda HTK yöntemi ile Fe(NO3)3 ve Co(NO3)2 ile tek basamakta etkileştirilerek elde edilen manyetik hurma çekirdeği hidrokömür kompozit (MHÇHK) içinde karakterizasyon çalışmaları yapıldı. HÇHK ve MHÇHK ile Metil Oranj (MO) ve Metilen Mavisi (MM)’ nin sulu çözeltiden adsorpsiyon çalışmaları gerçekleştirildi. HÇ’ nin HK’ sına sıcaklık ve sürenin etkisi incelenerek üretim koşulları optimize edildi. 180oC, 200oC, 240oC sıcaklık ve 6, 12, 24 saatlik sürelerde yapılan çalışmalar sonucunda 200oC sıcaklık ve 6 saatlik süre optimal değerler olarak tespit dildi. Optimal HÇHK ve MHÇHK yüzey fonksiyonel gruplarını belirlemek için FT-IR spektrumları, morfolojik özelliklerini belirlemek için SEM analizi, kristal özelliklerini aydınlatmak için XRD analizi ve elementel kompozisyonlarını (CHNS) belirlemek için elementel analizler yapıldı. MM ve MO boyarmaddelerinden hazırlanan 500 mg/L’lik stok çözeltilerden farklı derişimlerde çözeltiler hazırlandı. 0.1 g HÇHK ve MHÇHK 24 saat, 25oC ve 100 rpm çalkalama hızında karıştırılarak adsorpsiyon çalışmaları gerçekleştirildi. İzoterm verileri Langmuir ve Freundlich izoterm modellerinde değerlendirildi. Korelasyon katsayısı (R2) ve diğer izoterm parametrelerinden yararlanarak 298 K’de MO ve MM için en uygun adsorpsiyonun Langmuir izoterm modeline uyduğu tespit edildi. Langmuir izoterm modelinden, uzaklaştırılan maksimum MO miktarı 45.87 mg/g, MM miktarı ise 20.58 mg/g olarak belirlendi. Buda MO adsorpsiyonunun MM’ ne göre daha fazla olduğu anlamına gelmektedir. Bu durum HÇHK’ nın MO’ı MM’ne göre daha fazla adsorpladığını göstermektedir. Çizelge 4.1 de KF değerleri MO için 11.6267 (mg/g)(L/mg)-(1/n), MM için 3.9785 (mg/g)(L/mg)-(1/n)’ dır. Freundlich izoterm modelinde de MO adsorpsiyonunun daha fazla olduğu görülmektedir. MHÇHK için R2 ve diğer izoterm parametrelerine bakıldığında MO ve MM için en uygun adsorpsiyon izoterm modelinin Langmuir olduğu görülmektedir. Langmuir izoterm modeline göre uzaklaştırılan maksimum MO miktarı 82.65 mg/g, MM miktarı ise 60.98 mg/g olarak bulunmuştur. Buda MHÇHK’ nın MO’ ı, MM’ ne göre daha fazla adsorpladığı anlamına gelmektedir. Çizelge 4.2’deki KF değerleri MO için 10.83 (mg/g)(L/mg)-(1/n), MM için 9.99 (mg/g)(L/mg)-(1/n)’ dır. Freundlich izoterm modelinde de MHÇHK için MO adsorpsiyonunun daha fazla olduğu görülmektedir. Yapılan deneysel çalışmalar sonucunda manyetik madde kullanımının adsorplanan madde miktarını MO ve MM için arttırdığı tespit edilmiştir. Ayrıca hurma çekirdeğinden elde edilen HÇHK ve MHÇHK‘nın kapasitans özellikleri belirlenerek süperkapasitör olarak kullanımlarının uygunluğu incelendi. HÇHK ve MHÇHK’dan elektrotlar hazırlanarak oluşturulan elektrotların kapasitif performansları, dönüşümlü voltametri (CV) tekniği ile araştırıldı. Çalışmalar, Ag/AgCl referans elektrota karşı 0.5 M Na2SO4 elektroliti içerisinde 5-100 mV/s tarama hız aralığında ve -0.5-0 V potansiyel aralıklarında gerçekleştirildi. HÇHK ve MHÇHK’dan elde edilen elektrotlar birbiri ile kıyaslandığında; HÇHK elektrotunun (13.69 F/g), 5 mV/s tarama hızında MHÇHK’dan (1.20) daha yüksek kapasitif performansa sahip olduğu belirlendi.
The main purpose of this master's study is to prepare carbon-based materials from inert biomass, to contribute to the effect of these materials in removing pollution from water and to determine the suitability of their use as a supercapacitor. In recent years, one of the methods used to obtain hydrochar (HC) from biomass is the hydrothermal method. In this thesis, the palm kernels, of which serious waste is generated during Ramadan, were used as raw material. Optimal values and characterization, adsorption capacity and supercapacitor properties of hydrochar obtained from palm kernel were studied. In addition, optimal values and characterization studies were carried out in magnetic palm kernel hydrochar (MPKHC) obtained from hydrochar. HC obtained from the palm kernel by hydrothermal method was combined with Fe(NO3)3 and Co(NO3)2 to become a composite material. The adsorption of methyl orange (MO) and methylene blue (MB) from aqueous solution with HC and composite material was investigated. The effect of temperature and time on the hydrothermal carbonization of the palm kernel was investigated and its characterization was made. As a result of the studies carried out at 180oC, 200oC, 240oC temperatures and 6, 12 and 24 hours. The experiment showed that 200oC temperature and 6 hours were determined as optimal values. FT-IR images to determine the surface functional groups of HC and composite material, SEM analysis to determine morphological properties, XRD analysis to examine crystal properties and particle size, elemental analysis to determine the amounts of C, H, N and S were performed.9 solutions with different concentrations were prepared from the 500 mg/L stock solution of MO and MB solutions. Composite material was prepared by mixing 0.1g of HC and the composite at a shaking speed of 100 rpm with 25oC for 24 hours. An isotherm study was carried out on palm kernel hydrochar (PKHC) and MPKHC. Isotherm data were evaluated in Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm models. Using the correlation coefficient (R2) and other isotherm parameters, it was observed that the most suitable adsorption for MO and MB at 298 K fit the Langmuir isotherm model. The maximum amount of MO removed from the Langmuir isotherm model was 45.87 mg/g, and the amount of MB was determined as 20.58 mg/g. This means that the adsorption of MO is higher than that of MB. This means that PKHC adsorbs MO more than MB. In Table 4.1, KF values are 11,6267 (mg/g)(L/mg)-(1/n) for MO and 3,9785 (mg/g)(L/mg)-(1/n) for MB. Similarly, in the Freundlich isotherm model, it is seen that the MO adsorption is more. Considering the R2 and other isotherm parameters for MPKHC, it is observed that Langmuir is the most suitable adsorption model for MO and MB. According to the Langmuir isotherm model, the maximum amount of MO removed was 82.65 mg/g, and the amount of MB was determined as 60.98 mg/g. This means that MPKHC adsorbs MO more than MB. The KF values in Table 4.2 are 10,8341 (mg/g)(L/mg)-(1/n) for MO and 9,9922 (mg/g)(L/mg)-(1/n) for MB. In the Freundlich isotherm model, it is seen that MO adsorption is higher for MPKHC.As a result of the experiments, it was determined that the use of magnetic material increased the amount of adsorbed material for MO and MB.The capacitance properties of PKHC and MPKHC obtained from the palm kernel were determined and the suitability of their use as electrodes in supercapacitors was examined.In addition, the capacitance properties of PKHC and MPKHC obtained from palm kernels were determined and their suitability for use as supercapacitors was examined. The capacitive performances of the electrodes formed by preparing electrodes from PKHC and MPKHC were investigated by the cyclic voltammetry (CV) technique. The studies were carried out in 0.5 M Na2SO4 electrolyte against Ag/AgCl reference electrode at a scanning speed range of 5-100 mV/s and a potential range of -0.5-0 V. When the electrodes obtained from PKHC and MHÇHK are compared with each other; It was determined that the PKHC electrode (13.69 F/g) had a higher capacitive performance than the MPKHC (1.20) at a scanning rate of 5 mV/s.
The main purpose of this master's study is to prepare carbon-based materials from inert biomass, to contribute to the effect of these materials in removing pollution from water and to determine the suitability of their use as a supercapacitor. In recent years, one of the methods used to obtain hydrochar (HC) from biomass is the hydrothermal method. In this thesis, the palm kernels, of which serious waste is generated during Ramadan, were used as raw material. Optimal values and characterization, adsorption capacity and supercapacitor properties of hydrochar obtained from palm kernel were studied. In addition, optimal values and characterization studies were carried out in magnetic palm kernel hydrochar (MPKHC) obtained from hydrochar. HC obtained from the palm kernel by hydrothermal method was combined with Fe(NO3)3 and Co(NO3)2 to become a composite material. The adsorption of methyl orange (MO) and methylene blue (MB) from aqueous solution with HC and composite material was investigated. The effect of temperature and time on the hydrothermal carbonization of the palm kernel was investigated and its characterization was made. As a result of the studies carried out at 180oC, 200oC, 240oC temperatures and 6, 12 and 24 hours. The experiment showed that 200oC temperature and 6 hours were determined as optimal values. FT-IR images to determine the surface functional groups of HC and composite material, SEM analysis to determine morphological properties, XRD analysis to examine crystal properties and particle size, elemental analysis to determine the amounts of C, H, N and S were performed.9 solutions with different concentrations were prepared from the 500 mg/L stock solution of MO and MB solutions. Composite material was prepared by mixing 0.1g of HC and the composite at a shaking speed of 100 rpm with 25oC for 24 hours. An isotherm study was carried out on palm kernel hydrochar (PKHC) and MPKHC. Isotherm data were evaluated in Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm models. Using the correlation coefficient (R2) and other isotherm parameters, it was observed that the most suitable adsorption for MO and MB at 298 K fit the Langmuir isotherm model. The maximum amount of MO removed from the Langmuir isotherm model was 45.87 mg/g, and the amount of MB was determined as 20.58 mg/g. This means that the adsorption of MO is higher than that of MB. This means that PKHC adsorbs MO more than MB. In Table 4.1, KF values are 11,6267 (mg/g)(L/mg)-(1/n) for MO and 3,9785 (mg/g)(L/mg)-(1/n) for MB. Similarly, in the Freundlich isotherm model, it is seen that the MO adsorption is more. Considering the R2 and other isotherm parameters for MPKHC, it is observed that Langmuir is the most suitable adsorption model for MO and MB. According to the Langmuir isotherm model, the maximum amount of MO removed was 82.65 mg/g, and the amount of MB was determined as 60.98 mg/g. This means that MPKHC adsorbs MO more than MB. The KF values in Table 4.2 are 10,8341 (mg/g)(L/mg)-(1/n) for MO and 9,9922 (mg/g)(L/mg)-(1/n) for MB. In the Freundlich isotherm model, it is seen that MO adsorption is higher for MPKHC.As a result of the experiments, it was determined that the use of magnetic material increased the amount of adsorbed material for MO and MB.The capacitance properties of PKHC and MPKHC obtained from the palm kernel were determined and the suitability of their use as electrodes in supercapacitors was examined.In addition, the capacitance properties of PKHC and MPKHC obtained from palm kernels were determined and their suitability for use as supercapacitors was examined. The capacitive performances of the electrodes formed by preparing electrodes from PKHC and MPKHC were investigated by the cyclic voltammetry (CV) technique. The studies were carried out in 0.5 M Na2SO4 electrolyte against Ag/AgCl reference electrode at a scanning speed range of 5-100 mV/s and a potential range of -0.5-0 V. When the electrodes obtained from PKHC and MHÇHK are compared with each other; It was determined that the PKHC electrode (13.69 F/g) had a higher capacitive performance than the MPKHC (1.20) at a scanning rate of 5 mV/s.
Açıklama
Anahtar Kelimeler
Hurma Çekirdeği, Hidrotermal Yöntem, Hidrokömür, Adsorpsiyon, Süperkapasitör, Adsorption, Hydrochar, Hydrothermal Method, Palm Kernel, Supercapacitor
Kaynak
WoS Q Değeri
Scopus Q Değeri
Cilt
Sayı
Künye
Gölge, A.(2022). Hurma çekirdeklerinden hidrotermal yöntemle sürdürülebilir karbon esaslı malzemelerin üretilmesi, kirlilik giderme ve süperkapasitör performanslarının incelenmesi. (Yayınlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi). Batman Üniversitesi Lisansüstü Eğitim Enstitüsü, Batman.
