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Öğe Biodiesel production from inedible animal tallow and an experimental investigation of its use as alternative fuel in a direct injection diesel engine(Elsevier, 2009-02-15) Altun, Şehmus; Öner, CengizIn this study, a substitute fuel for diesel engines was produced from inedible animal tallow and its usability was investigated as pure biodiesel and its blends with petroleum diesel fuel in a diesel engine. Tallow methyl ester as biodiesel fuel was prepared by base-catalyzed transesterification of the fat with methanol in the presence of NaOH as catalyst. Fuel properties of methyl ester, diesel fuel and blends of them (5%, 20% and 50% by volume) were determined. Viscosity and density of fatty acid methyl ester have been found to meet ASTM D6751 and EN 14214 specifications. Viscosity and density of tallow methyl esters are found to be very close to that of diesel. The calorific value of biodiesel is found to be slightly lower than that of diesel. An experimental study was carried out in order to investigate of its usability as alternative fuel of tallow methyl ester in a direct injection diesel engine. It was observed that the addition of biodiesel to the diesel fuel decreases the effective efficiency of engine and increases the specific fuel consumption. This is due to the lower heating value of biodiesel compared to diesel fuel. However, the effective engine power was comparable by biodiesel compared with diesel fuel. Emissions of carbon monoxide (CO), oxides of nitrogen (NOx), sulphur dioxide (SO2) and smoke opacity were reduced around 15%, 38.5%, 72.7% and 56.8%, respectively, in case of tallow methyl esters (B100) compared to diesel fuel. Besides, the lowest CO, NOx emissions and the highest exhaust temperature were obtained for B20 among all other fuels. The reductions in exhaust emissions made tallow methyl esters and its blends, especially B20 a suitable alternative fuel for diesel and thus could help in controlling air pollution. Based on this study, animal tallow methyl esters and its blends with petroleum diesel fuel can be used a substitute for diesel in direct injection diesel engines without any engine modification.Öğe Hayvansal iç yağlardan transesterifikasyon reaksiyonu ile biyodizel üretilmesi(Doğu Anadolu Bölgesi Araştırma ve Uygulama Merkezi, 2008-07-31) Altun, Şehmus; Öner, CengizHayvansal yağlar normal çevre sıcaklığında katı ve çok viskozdurlar. Yüksek viskozitelerinden dolayı dizel motorlarında kullanılmadan önce modifiye edilmeleri gerekmektedir. Hayvansal yağların dizel motorlarında kullanılabilirliliğini iyileştirmek için emülsiyon ve transesterifikasyon etkili iki yöntemdir. Bu çalışmada hayvansal iç yağlardan baz katalizörlü transesterifikasyon ile %99.7 saflıkta metil alkol ve katalizör olarak %98 saflıkta NaOH kullanılarak hayvansal iç yağı metil esteri (biyodizel) üretilmiştir. Hayvansal iç yağı, metil ester şekline dönüştükten sonra viskozitesi önemli ölçüde azalmış ve oda sıcaklığında sıvı fazında bir yakıt elde edilmiştir. Biyodizelin belirlenen yakıt özellikleri ASTM standartlarında olup, viskozitesi ve yoğunluğu dizel yakıtına yakın, ısıl değeri ise %8 daha düşük çıkmıştır.Öğe Biodiesel properties of microalgae (Chlorella protothecoides) oil for use in diesel engines(Taylor & Francis, 2018-09-08) Yaşar, Fevzi; Altun, ŞehmusIn this study, biodiesel was produced from a microalgae oil, chlorella protothecoides, by typical alkali-catalyzed transesterification in conditions such as a 0.75 wt.% KOH of the oil as catalyst, 68°C and 80 min which was agreed as optimal conditions after investigating the effect of KOH concentration, reaction temperature and time at constant molar ratio of 6:1 on the conversion rate and fuel properties. Under these conditions, a 98.6% conversion rate of algae oil to its methyl ester was achieved with ester content higher than 96%. Furthermore, all physicochemical properties met the requirements of international biodiesel standards, EN 14214 and ASTM D 6751, with some remarkable ones such as high cetane number (57.3) and low CFPP (−10°C). The effect of microalgae biodiesel volume fraction in the fuel on the kinematic viscosity, CFPP, lubricity, density, and distillation temperature was also studied. A blending ratio of the algal-biodiesel up to 50% (v/v) was also found in agreement with the standards for biodiesel-diesel blends. From GC analysis, oleic and linoleic acids were found to be major fatty acids, and then the oxygen extended sooting index and adiabatic flame temperature were calculated using fatty acid distribution for evaluating the main diesel emissions such as soot and NO. As a result, the algae oil studied here was found to be an appropriate raw material for producing biodiesel and for using in Diesel Engines and its properties are within the typical ranges of conventional biodiesel fuels.Öğe Biodiesel production from raw cottonseed oil and its characterization(Energy Education Science and Technolgy Part A, 2011-07) Altun, Şehmus; Yaşar, Fevzi; Öner, CengizIn this study, raw cottonseed oil of Turkish origin was transesterified using methyl alcohol and an alkali catalyst to obtain the cottonseed oil methyl ester. The obtained cottonseed oil methyl ester was analyzed by gas chromatography (GC) for determining the fatty acid composition. The fuel-related properties of cottonseed oil methyl ester, cold filter plugging point, cloud point, kinematic viscosity, density, cetane index, flash point, distillation, sulfur content and heating value were determined and compared with those of petroleum diesel fuel and international biodiesel standards. From gas chromatograph analysis, it was found that the cottonseed oil methyl ester has the more amount of total unsaturated FA, therefore, it showed better cold-flow properties than more saturated ones, as expected. Moreover, the fuel-related properties of cottonseed oil methyl ester were within the specified standardsÖğe Biofuels derived from Turkish industry wastes - A study of performance and emissions in a diesel engine(Wiley-Blackwell, 2015-08-13) Altun, Şehmus; Rodríguez-Fernández, JoséRecently, research has focused on the biofuel production from local industrial wastes due to the risk of greenhouse emissions derived from land-use change (both directly and indirectly) of conventional feedstock and the social concern about the effect of conventional biofuel production on oil prices and its availability (the so-called food vs. fuel debate). Therefore, with the aim to evaluate the use of biofuels derived from wastes from traditional manufacturing industries in Turkey, biodiesel fuels from leather fat, obtained as a by-product in the leather industry, waste anchovy fish oil, derived from the fish-processing industry, and waste frying cottonseed oil achieved from food industry, have been tested in a three-cylinder DI diesel engine at a steady-state condition. In a previous work, the viability of these fuels was evaluated by analyzing measured and estimated properties and indicators for main diesel emissions, and recommendations were made on their alternative use to conventional biodiesels with the benefit of potentially lower life-cycle greenhouse emissions. The experimental results, which were compared with ULSD operation, demonstrated that the engine performance was not significantly affected, while a substantial change in emissions was observed with the use of biofuels. In general, the emission results reported here are in a similar range to those obtained with the use of conventional biodiesel fuels. Nonetheless, the exact magnitude of these changes depended upon the biodiesel origin. Lubricity of alternative biofuels was also tested, revealing an enormous capacity for protecting the fuel system from wear, in line with conventional biodiesel fuels.Öğe Biodiesel production from leather industry wastes as an alternative feedstock and its use in diesel engines(SAGE, 2013-11-01) Altun, Şehmus; Yaşar, FevziWaste leather fat is produced by the leather industry in fleshing processing and discarded as waste. These wastes can be used as a potential feedstock for biodiesel production due to their considerable fat content. In this work, raw fleshing oil which is a fat-originated waste of the leather industry was transesterified using methanol in the presence of an alkali catalyst to obtain biodiesel. The obtained biodiesel was then used in a four-stroke and direct injection diesel engine to evaluate the biodiesel behavior as an alternative diesel fuel, at a constant speed under variable load conditions. Blends [20 and 50% (v/v)] of biodiesel with diesel reference fuel were tested too. The emissions test results compared with diesel reference fuel showed that diesel engine fueled by biodiesel emitted significantly lower opacity and gaseous emissions than the same engine fueled by diesel reference fuel, and with very similar performance. The obtained data indicated that biodiesel from leather industry wastes is promising as an alternative fuel for diesel engines, and can be used to substitute diesel fuel in terms of performance and emission parameters without any engine modification.Öğe Properties and emission indicators of biodiesel fuels obtained from waste oils from the Turkish industry(Elsevier, 2014-03-14) Altun, Şehmus; Lapuerta, MagínThree waste oils from traditional manufacturing industries in Turkey, such as leather fat, obtained as a by-product in the leather industry, waste anchovy fish oil, derived from the fish-processing industry, and waste frying cottonseed oil from food industry, have been evaluated as alternative raw materials for biodiesel production, with potentially low life-cycle greenhouse emissions. Measured properties such as heating value, density, viscosity, flash point, acidity and cold flow properties, showed that the obtained biodiesel fuels fulfilled both the European and American quality standards and could be used to partially replace petroleum diesel in automotive engines. From gas chromatography analysis, detailed fatty acid profile was obtained, which permitted the application of group contribution methods for the estimation of thermodynamic properties (critical parameters, acentric factor) and thermochemical properties (enthalpies of vaporization and formation). This information was useful to calculate some indicators related to the most important diesel engine emissions, such as soot (main component of particulate matter) and nitric oxide emissions. Soot indicators reveal significant reduction potential with respect to fossil diesel fuels, and, among the studied biodiesel fuels, soot emissions would be lowest for the most saturated and shortest carbon-chain length biodiesel fuel. Adiabatic flame temperature, selected as the main nitric oxide emission indicator, shows small differences among the studied biofuels. Both the properties and emission indicators of the biodiesel fuels studied are within the typical ranges of other conventional biodiesel fuels.Öğe Fuel properties of biodiesels produced from different feedstocks(Energy Education Science and Technolgy Part A, 2011) Altun, ŞehmusBio diesel is an oxygenated diesel fuel obtained from vegetable oils or animal fats via transesterification reaction. The fuel properties such as viscosity, density, cetane number and heating value are very important for determining the suitability of bio diesel as a diesel engine fuel. These fuel properties mainly depend on the feedstock which is used in the bio diesel production. In this study, the effect of bio diesels produced from different feed stocks such as inedible animal tallow, crude canola oil and canola oil blended with animal tallow on the fuel properties were experimentally investigated. Bio diesel fuels and their blends with petroluem diesel fuel were compared with petroleum diesel (petrodiesel). The results showed that the viscosity and density of all the methyl esters were higher than that of petrodiesel, while the heating values of the methyl esters was lower. Besides, the viscosity and the density of methyl esters are within the bio diesel standards, except for animal tallow methyl ester and it was slightly out of the specification EN 14214. Animal tallow bio diesel has the highest cetane number than those of other fuels include petrodiesel. It is concluded that bio diesels and their blends with petrodiesel have suitable fuel properties, especially cetane numbers, for diesel combustion process.Öğe The performance and emissions characteristics of a diesel engine fueled with biodiesel and diesel fuel(Kırıkkale Üniversitesi, 2010-01) Altun, Şehmus; Öner, Cengiz; Sugözü, İlkerThis paper presents the performance and emission characteristics of a diesel engine fueled with biodiesel and diesel fuel. The tests were performed in a four stroke, single cylinder, naturally aspirated, air-cooled and direct injection diesel engine at the different engine speed under full-load conditions. The results obtained with biodiesel were compared with the diesel fuel as reference fuel. The engine torque and power obtained in biodiesel were less, and the specific fuel consumption was found to be higher, which could be attributed to lower calorific value of biodiesel. CO emissions for biodiesel were lower than that of diesel fuel. However, it was observed that NOx emissions for biodiesel were higher than that of diesel fuel.Öğe Performance and emission characteristics of a diesel engine fueled with biodiesel obtained from a hybrid feedstock(Energy Education Science and Technology Part A: Energy Science and Research, 2011-04) Altun, ŞehmusVegetable oils and animal fats are widely investigated as a alternative fuel for diesel engines because of their high cetane number. However, animal fats are highly viscous and mostly in solid form at ambient temperature that they need modifications before using them in diesel engines. Pre-heated, blending, transesterification and emulsification are well known to improve usage of animal fats in diesel engines. In this study, biodiesel was produced from a hybrid feedstock (60% crude canola oil/40% inedible animal tallow) by transesterification and tested in a DI diesel engine for determining exhaust emissions and comparing those of biodiesel from pure animal tallow. Biodiesel fuels were tested as blends in diesel fuel (50% biodiesel and 50% diesel fuel). The experimental results show that, compared with animal tallow biodiesel blend, hybrid feedstock biodiesel blend has higher viscosity, density, brake specific fuel consumption, CO and NO x emissions and a lower cetane number, brake thermal efficiency.
