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Öğe Biodiesel production from inedible animal tallow and an experimental investigation of its use as alternative fuel in a direct injection diesel engine(Elsevier, 2009-02-15) Altun, Şehmus; Öner, CengizIn this study, a substitute fuel for diesel engines was produced from inedible animal tallow and its usability was investigated as pure biodiesel and its blends with petroleum diesel fuel in a diesel engine. Tallow methyl ester as biodiesel fuel was prepared by base-catalyzed transesterification of the fat with methanol in the presence of NaOH as catalyst. Fuel properties of methyl ester, diesel fuel and blends of them (5%, 20% and 50% by volume) were determined. Viscosity and density of fatty acid methyl ester have been found to meet ASTM D6751 and EN 14214 specifications. Viscosity and density of tallow methyl esters are found to be very close to that of diesel. The calorific value of biodiesel is found to be slightly lower than that of diesel. An experimental study was carried out in order to investigate of its usability as alternative fuel of tallow methyl ester in a direct injection diesel engine. It was observed that the addition of biodiesel to the diesel fuel decreases the effective efficiency of engine and increases the specific fuel consumption. This is due to the lower heating value of biodiesel compared to diesel fuel. However, the effective engine power was comparable by biodiesel compared with diesel fuel. Emissions of carbon monoxide (CO), oxides of nitrogen (NOx), sulphur dioxide (SO2) and smoke opacity were reduced around 15%, 38.5%, 72.7% and 56.8%, respectively, in case of tallow methyl esters (B100) compared to diesel fuel. Besides, the lowest CO, NOx emissions and the highest exhaust temperature were obtained for B20 among all other fuels. The reductions in exhaust emissions made tallow methyl esters and its blends, especially B20 a suitable alternative fuel for diesel and thus could help in controlling air pollution. Based on this study, animal tallow methyl esters and its blends with petroleum diesel fuel can be used a substitute for diesel in direct injection diesel engines without any engine modification.Öğe Biodiesel properties of microalgae (Chlorella protothecoides) oil for use in diesel engines(Taylor & Francis, 2018-09-08) Yaşar, Fevzi; Altun, ŞehmusIn this study, biodiesel was produced from a microalgae oil, chlorella protothecoides, by typical alkali-catalyzed transesterification in conditions such as a 0.75 wt.% KOH of the oil as catalyst, 68°C and 80 min which was agreed as optimal conditions after investigating the effect of KOH concentration, reaction temperature and time at constant molar ratio of 6:1 on the conversion rate and fuel properties. Under these conditions, a 98.6% conversion rate of algae oil to its methyl ester was achieved with ester content higher than 96%. Furthermore, all physicochemical properties met the requirements of international biodiesel standards, EN 14214 and ASTM D 6751, with some remarkable ones such as high cetane number (57.3) and low CFPP (−10°C). The effect of microalgae biodiesel volume fraction in the fuel on the kinematic viscosity, CFPP, lubricity, density, and distillation temperature was also studied. A blending ratio of the algal-biodiesel up to 50% (v/v) was also found in agreement with the standards for biodiesel-diesel blends. From GC analysis, oleic and linoleic acids were found to be major fatty acids, and then the oxygen extended sooting index and adiabatic flame temperature were calculated using fatty acid distribution for evaluating the main diesel emissions such as soot and NO. As a result, the algae oil studied here was found to be an appropriate raw material for producing biodiesel and for using in Diesel Engines and its properties are within the typical ranges of conventional biodiesel fuels.Öğe Investigation of the effects of butanol addition on safflower biodiesel usage as fuel in a generator diesel engine(Elsevier, 2018-06-15) Aydın, Hüseyin; Çelebi, YahyaAs our world demands more and more energy and fossil fuel resources are running out, searches onfindingalternative fuels in internal combustion engines are increasing. Alcohols and biofuels obtained from oils can beused as alternative diesel fuels. The present work investigated the effects ofn-butanol addition to safflowerbiodiesel usage in a diesel engine used for driving an electrical power generator. Safflower biodiesel was ob-tained by using transesterification method. Binary blends of butanol-biodiesel and ternary blends of ultra-lowsulfur diesel-biodiesel–butanol were contained 5%, 10%, and 20% butanol in volume basis. The tests werecarried out on a four-cylinder, four-strokes, and direct-injection diesel engine at half load operation with stableengine speed of 1500 rpm. Experimental test results on combustion characteristics, emission and performance ofthe fuels were investigated. According to test results, formation of heat release rates and in-cylinder pressurecurves were considerably similar and total heat transfer, average gas temperature and mass fraction burned wereslightly changed. The ternary blends showed lower emission and increased brake thermal efficiency up to 1.5%.Besides, average mass fuel consumption was increased up to 5% and brake specific fuel consumption up to 6%.For the other fuels, emission and brake thermal efficiency were deteriorated.
