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Öğe Biodiesel production from inedible animal tallow and an experimental investigation of its use as alternative fuel in a direct injection diesel engine(Elsevier, 2009-02-15) Altun, Şehmus; Öner, CengizIn this study, a substitute fuel for diesel engines was produced from inedible animal tallow and its usability was investigated as pure biodiesel and its blends with petroleum diesel fuel in a diesel engine. Tallow methyl ester as biodiesel fuel was prepared by base-catalyzed transesterification of the fat with methanol in the presence of NaOH as catalyst. Fuel properties of methyl ester, diesel fuel and blends of them (5%, 20% and 50% by volume) were determined. Viscosity and density of fatty acid methyl ester have been found to meet ASTM D6751 and EN 14214 specifications. Viscosity and density of tallow methyl esters are found to be very close to that of diesel. The calorific value of biodiesel is found to be slightly lower than that of diesel. An experimental study was carried out in order to investigate of its usability as alternative fuel of tallow methyl ester in a direct injection diesel engine. It was observed that the addition of biodiesel to the diesel fuel decreases the effective efficiency of engine and increases the specific fuel consumption. This is due to the lower heating value of biodiesel compared to diesel fuel. However, the effective engine power was comparable by biodiesel compared with diesel fuel. Emissions of carbon monoxide (CO), oxides of nitrogen (NOx), sulphur dioxide (SO2) and smoke opacity were reduced around 15%, 38.5%, 72.7% and 56.8%, respectively, in case of tallow methyl esters (B100) compared to diesel fuel. Besides, the lowest CO, NOx emissions and the highest exhaust temperature were obtained for B20 among all other fuels. The reductions in exhaust emissions made tallow methyl esters and its blends, especially B20 a suitable alternative fuel for diesel and thus could help in controlling air pollution. Based on this study, animal tallow methyl esters and its blends with petroleum diesel fuel can be used a substitute for diesel in direct injection diesel engines without any engine modification.Öğe Combustion, performance and emissions of a diesel power generator fueled with biodiesel-kerosene and biodiesel-kerosene-diesel blends(Elsevier, 2017-02-05) Bayındır, Hasan; Işık, Mehmet Zerrakki; Argunhan, Zeki; Yücel, Halit Lütfi; Aydın, HüseyinHigh percentages of biodiesel blends or neat biodiesel cannot be used in diesel engines due to high density and viscosity, and poor atomization properties that lead to some engine operational problems. Biodiesel was produced from canola oil by transesterification process. Test fuels were prepared by blending 80% of the biodiesel with 20% of kerosene (B80&K20) and 80% of the biodiesel with 10% of kerosene and 10% diesel fuel (B80&K10&D10). Fuels were used in a 4 cylinders diesel engine that was loaded with a generator. Combustion, performance and emission characteristics of the blend fuels and D2 in the diesel engine for certain loads of 3.6, 7.2 and 10.8 kW output power and 1500 rpm constant engine speed were experimented and deeply analyzed. It was found that kerosene contained blends had quite similar combustion characteristics with those of D2. Mass fuel consumption and Bscf were slightly increased for blend fuels. HC emissions slightly increased while NOx emissions considerably reduced for blends. It was resulted that high percentages of biodiesel can be a potential substitute for diesel fuel provided that it is used as blending fuel with certain amounts of kerosene.Öğe Performance and emission analysis of cottonseed oil methyl ester in a diesel engine(Elsevier, 2010-03) Aydın, Hüseyin; Bayındır, HasanIn this study, performance and emissions of cottonseed oil methyl ester in a diesel engine was experimentally investigated. For the study, cottonseed oil methyl ester (CSOME) was added to diesel fuel, numbered D2, by volume of 5%(B5), 20%(B20), 50%(B50) and 75%(B75) as well as pure CSOME (B100). Fuels were tested in a single cylinder, direct injection, air cooled diesel engine. The effects of CSOME-diesel blends on engine performance and exhaust emissions were examined at various engine speeds and full loaded engine. The effect of B5, B20, B50, B75, B100 and D2 on the engine power, engine torque, bsfc's and exhaust gasses temperature were clarified by the performance tests. The influences of blends on CO, NOx, SO2 and smoke opacity were investigated by emission tests. The experimental results showed that the use of the lower blends (B5) slightly increases the engine torque at medium and higher speeds in compression ignition engines. However, there were no significant differences in performance values of B5, B20 and diesel fuel. Also with the increase of the biodiesel in blends, the exhaust emissions were reduced. The experimental results showed that the lower contents of CSOME in the blends can partially be substituted for the diesel fuel without any modifications in diesel engines.Öğe Biodiesel properties of microalgae (Chlorella protothecoides) oil for use in diesel engines(Taylor & Francis, 2018-09-08) Yaşar, Fevzi; Altun, ŞehmusIn this study, biodiesel was produced from a microalgae oil, chlorella protothecoides, by typical alkali-catalyzed transesterification in conditions such as a 0.75 wt.% KOH of the oil as catalyst, 68°C and 80 min which was agreed as optimal conditions after investigating the effect of KOH concentration, reaction temperature and time at constant molar ratio of 6:1 on the conversion rate and fuel properties. Under these conditions, a 98.6% conversion rate of algae oil to its methyl ester was achieved with ester content higher than 96%. Furthermore, all physicochemical properties met the requirements of international biodiesel standards, EN 14214 and ASTM D 6751, with some remarkable ones such as high cetane number (57.3) and low CFPP (−10°C). The effect of microalgae biodiesel volume fraction in the fuel on the kinematic viscosity, CFPP, lubricity, density, and distillation temperature was also studied. A blending ratio of the algal-biodiesel up to 50% (v/v) was also found in agreement with the standards for biodiesel-diesel blends. From GC analysis, oleic and linoleic acids were found to be major fatty acids, and then the oxygen extended sooting index and adiabatic flame temperature were calculated using fatty acid distribution for evaluating the main diesel emissions such as soot and NO. As a result, the algae oil studied here was found to be an appropriate raw material for producing biodiesel and for using in Diesel Engines and its properties are within the typical ranges of conventional biodiesel fuels.Öğe Exhaust emissions of a CI engine operated with biodiesel from rapeseed oil(Taylor & Francis, 2011-01-16) Aydın, Hüseyin; İlkılıç, CumaliIn this study, biodiesel was produced from rapeseed oil and was used in a single cylinder, naturally aspirated and direct-injected diesel engine as pure biodiesel (B100) and as a blend with standard diesel fuel by 20% biodiesel to 80% diesel fuel (B20). The diesel engine emissions and some performance parameters were investigated at fully loaded engine conditions. The effects of pure biodiesel and its blend with diesel fuel on emissions of carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen oxides (NOx), carbon dioxide (CO2), and sulfur dioxide (SO2) were clarified. Results showed that biodiesel fuel is environmentally friendly since it reduced the emissions of CO, SO 2, and CO2 of engines at all speeds. Results also indicated that the pure biodiesel gave about 12% lower power and 20 to 25% higher fuel consumption as compared to diesel. However, the results were almost the same or slightly different from a blend of biodiesel-diesel and petroleum diesel fuel.Öğe Analysis of ethanol RCCI application with safflower biodiesel blends in a high load diesel power generator(Elsevier, 2016-11-15) Işık, Mehmet Zerrakki; Aydın, HüseyinThe effects of RCCI in a diesel power generator by using safflower oil biodiesel-diesel blends were experimentally investigated. Ethanol was premixed as PFI by rates of 30% and 50% of total mass fuel consumption of the engine. Tests were conducted at constant engine speed of 1500 rpm and fixed load 10.8 kW engine power. The purpose of blending biodiesel with diesel is to increase the fuel reactivity of primary fuel in order to easily initiate the combustion. Therefore, test fuels were prepared by blending 10% of the biodiesel with 90% of diesel, 20% of the biodiesel with 80% of diesel and 50% of the biodiesel with 50% of diesel. The most important combustion, performance and emission indicators of the engine under various conditions have been deeply investigated and results have been presented. The ethanol RCCI operation increased peak pressure values especially with using of B50 as high reactivity fuel while combustion was retarded for both RCCI modes. Overall, many indicators of the combustion was improved. Performance parameters were developed. Especially, bsfc was considerably increased. NOx, emissions were considerably decreased while CO and HC emissions were a bit increased.Öğe Scrutinizing the combustion, performance and emissions of safflower biodiesel-kerosene fueled diesel engine used as power source for a generato(Elsevier, 2016-06-01) Aydın, HüseyinWhen neat biodiesel or its blends with diesel fuel that contain high amounts of biodiesel are used in diesel engines some operational problems such as poor injection, bad atomization and incomplete combustion occur mainly due to higher viscosity and surface tension. Engine problems with the use of biodiesel-fuel blends that contain higher percentages of biodiesel need to be solved in order to utilize the advantages of biodiesel in environmental and economical ways. The mentioned problems can also be solved by blending biodiesel with another low density or viscosity fuel such as kerosene. In present study biodiesel was produced from safflower oil. S90&K10, S75&K25 and S50&K50 were prepared by blending biodiesel with kerosene. A 4 cylinder diesel engine that was used to drive an electric generator was used to deeply investigate the similarity of combustion, performance and emission characteristics of the blend fuels to D2. All experiments were carried out at constant loads of 3.6, 7.2 and 10.8 kW generated powers. Patterns of combustion parameters found to be quite similar for blends and D2 fuel. NOx emissions were considerably decreased with percentages of 68.2%, 56.9% and 55.1% for S50&K50, S75&K25 and S90&K10, respectively while unburned HC emissions were a bit increased. Mass fuel consumption and BSFC were slightly increased for S75&K25 and S90&K10, but they were decreased with an average increase in BTE by 3.84% for S50&K50 fuel when compared to D2. Eventually, it was concluded that high percentages of safflower oil biodiesel can be a potential substitute for diesel fuel provided that it is used as blended with certain amounts of kerosene.Öğe Bir dizel motorda biyodizel ve metalik katkılı dizel yakıt kullanımında NOx ve duman emisyonlarındaki değişimin incelenmesi(Batman Üniversitesi, 2017) Arca, Zülal; Altun, ŞehmusDizel motorlarında alternatif yakıt olarak biyodizel kullanımı ile eksik yanma ürünü egzoz emisyonlarında önemli bir düşüş olurken; NOx emisyonlarında ise genellikle petrol kökenli dizel kullanımına göre bir artış olmaktadır. Biyodizel yakıtların moleküler oksijen içeriğinden dolayı yanma sırasında is oluşumunun azaldığı bilinmektedir. Bu durum yanma odasında radyasyon ile ısı transferini dolayısıyla ortalama alev sıcaklığını etkilediğinden; biyodizel kullanımı durumunda yanma odası sıcaklığına önemli bir derecede bağlı olan NO oluşumu, is oluşumundan dolaylı olarak etkilenmektedir. Bu çalışmada petrol kökenli dizel kullanılan bir dizel motorunda biyodizel kullanımı ile aynı işletme şartlarında benzer is oluşumu elde edilerek; NO emisyonlarındaki değişimin incelenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Bu amaçla is oluşumunu azaltmak için yaygın olarak kullanılan petrol kökenli dizel yakıtlara metalik katkı maddesi katılması yöntemi ile is emisyonları biyodizel ile elde edilen oranlara düşürülmüştür. Çalışmada metalik baryumdan katkı maddesi sentezi gerçekleştirilmiş ve sentezlenen katkı maddesi hacimsel olarak % 0,25, % 0,50 ve %1 oranlarında petrol kökenli dizel yakıtına ilave edilmiştir. Katkı maddesi eklenmiş petrol kökenli dizel, petrol kökenli dizel ve soya yağı esaslı biyodizel üç silindirli ve direk püskürtmeli bir dizel motorunda sabit devir ve değişik yük şartlarında test edilmiştir. Yapılan deneyler sonucunda; katkı ilaveli test yakıtlarının özgül yakıt tüketimi değerleri dizel yakıtla benzer çıkarken, biyodizelin özgül yakıt tüketimi değerlerinde artış gözlemlenmiştir. Petrol kökenli dizel ve katkılı dizel yakıtlara göre biyodizelin efektif veriminde düşüş olmuştur. Emisyon testleri neticesinde ise, biyodizelin NOx emisyonlarında artış gözlemlenirken, katkı ilaveli dizel yakıtların duman emisyonlarında önemli düşüşler meydana gelmiştir. Çalışmada elde edilen sonuçlara göre metalik Baryum katkı maddesinin duman emisyonlarını etkin bir şekilde düşürmesine rağmen NOx oluşumu üzerinde önemli bir rolü olmadığı görülmüştür. % 1 oranında katkılı dizel yakıtı ile iki farklı yük durumunda % 5,2 ve % 15 duman emisyonu ölçülürken bu oran biyodizel kullanımında% 10,4 ve % 33 olmuştur. İs (duman) emisyonu değerlerinin hemen hemen eşit olduğu durumda da NOx emisyonu biyodizel kullanımında daha yüksek ölçülmüştür.Öğe Biofuels derived from Turkish industry wastes - A study of performance and emissions in a diesel engine(Wiley-Blackwell, 2015-08-13) Altun, Şehmus; Rodríguez-Fernández, JoséRecently, research has focused on the biofuel production from local industrial wastes due to the risk of greenhouse emissions derived from land-use change (both directly and indirectly) of conventional feedstock and the social concern about the effect of conventional biofuel production on oil prices and its availability (the so-called food vs. fuel debate). Therefore, with the aim to evaluate the use of biofuels derived from wastes from traditional manufacturing industries in Turkey, biodiesel fuels from leather fat, obtained as a by-product in the leather industry, waste anchovy fish oil, derived from the fish-processing industry, and waste frying cottonseed oil achieved from food industry, have been tested in a three-cylinder DI diesel engine at a steady-state condition. In a previous work, the viability of these fuels was evaluated by analyzing measured and estimated properties and indicators for main diesel emissions, and recommendations were made on their alternative use to conventional biodiesels with the benefit of potentially lower life-cycle greenhouse emissions. The experimental results, which were compared with ULSD operation, demonstrated that the engine performance was not significantly affected, while a substantial change in emissions was observed with the use of biofuels. In general, the emission results reported here are in a similar range to those obtained with the use of conventional biodiesel fuels. Nonetheless, the exact magnitude of these changes depended upon the biodiesel origin. Lubricity of alternative biofuels was also tested, revealing an enormous capacity for protecting the fuel system from wear, in line with conventional biodiesel fuels.Öğe The effect of n-butanol additive on low load combustion, performance and emissions of biodiesel-diesel blend in a heavy duty diesel power generator(Elsevier, 2017-04) Işık, Mehmet Zerrakki; Bayındır, Hasan; İşcan, Bahattin; Aydın, HüseyinDiesel power generators are often used under partially load conditions. Especially, under low load conditions, it is crucial to find a solution for their considerably high brake specific fuel consumption (bsfc) and exhaust output emissions. Other points are the usability of waste cooking oil and an oxygenated alternative fuel in low load conditions of diesel generator. In this point of view, 10% n-butanol and 10% biodiesel mixture was blended with 80% of ultra low sulfur diesel fuel named here as BB20 was used and comparisons have been made with 20% biodiesel/80% diesel fuel named here as B20 and ultra low sulfur diesel fuel named here as (D2). Previously, main important physical and chemical fuel properties of test fuel have been found. These fuels were tested in low load operations of a diesel engine generator in order to find out the effects of blend fuels on combustion characteristics, performance and emissions of the test engine. The test results are presented in this paper and seem to raise quite interesting points. Butanol addition to diesel and biodiesel blends can be considered as a good solution for reducing density, viscosity and thus sustainable usability of biodiesel and increase thermal efficiency and lower carbon monoxide (CO) and oxides of nitrogen (NOx) under comparatively lower load conditions in diesel power generator engines.
