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Öğe Biodiesel production from inedible animal tallow and an experimental investigation of its use as alternative fuel in a direct injection diesel engine(Elsevier, 2009-02-15) Altun, Şehmus; Öner, CengizIn this study, a substitute fuel for diesel engines was produced from inedible animal tallow and its usability was investigated as pure biodiesel and its blends with petroleum diesel fuel in a diesel engine. Tallow methyl ester as biodiesel fuel was prepared by base-catalyzed transesterification of the fat with methanol in the presence of NaOH as catalyst. Fuel properties of methyl ester, diesel fuel and blends of them (5%, 20% and 50% by volume) were determined. Viscosity and density of fatty acid methyl ester have been found to meet ASTM D6751 and EN 14214 specifications. Viscosity and density of tallow methyl esters are found to be very close to that of diesel. The calorific value of biodiesel is found to be slightly lower than that of diesel. An experimental study was carried out in order to investigate of its usability as alternative fuel of tallow methyl ester in a direct injection diesel engine. It was observed that the addition of biodiesel to the diesel fuel decreases the effective efficiency of engine and increases the specific fuel consumption. This is due to the lower heating value of biodiesel compared to diesel fuel. However, the effective engine power was comparable by biodiesel compared with diesel fuel. Emissions of carbon monoxide (CO), oxides of nitrogen (NOx), sulphur dioxide (SO2) and smoke opacity were reduced around 15%, 38.5%, 72.7% and 56.8%, respectively, in case of tallow methyl esters (B100) compared to diesel fuel. Besides, the lowest CO, NOx emissions and the highest exhaust temperature were obtained for B20 among all other fuels. The reductions in exhaust emissions made tallow methyl esters and its blends, especially B20 a suitable alternative fuel for diesel and thus could help in controlling air pollution. Based on this study, animal tallow methyl esters and its blends with petroleum diesel fuel can be used a substitute for diesel in direct injection diesel engines without any engine modification.Öğe The comparison of engine performance and exhaust emission characteristics of sesame oil-diesel fuel mixture with diesel fuel in a direct injection diesel engine(Elsevier, 2008-01-09) Altun, Şehmus; Bulut, Hüsamettin; Öner, CengizThe use of vegetable oils as a fuel in diesel engines causes some problems due to their high viscosity compared with conventional diesel fuel. Various techniques and methods are used to solve the problems resulting from high viscosity. One of these techniques is fuel blending. In this study, a blend of 50% sesame oil and 50% diesel fuel was used as an alternative fuel in a direct injection diesel engine. Engine performance and exhaust emissions were investigated and compared with the ordinary diesel fuel in a diesel engine. The experimental results show that the engine power and torque of the mixture of sesame oil-diesel fuel are close to the values obtained from diesel fuel and the amounts of exhaust emissions are lower than those of diesel fuel. Hence, it is seen that blend of sesame oil and diesel fuel can be used as an alternative fuel successfully in a diesel engine without any modification and also it is an environmental friendly fuel in terms of emission parameters.Öğe Combustion, performance and emissions of a diesel power generator fueled with biodiesel-kerosene and biodiesel-kerosene-diesel blends(Elsevier, 2017-02-05) Bayındır, Hasan; Işık, Mehmet Zerrakki; Argunhan, Zeki; Yücel, Halit Lütfi; Aydın, HüseyinHigh percentages of biodiesel blends or neat biodiesel cannot be used in diesel engines due to high density and viscosity, and poor atomization properties that lead to some engine operational problems. Biodiesel was produced from canola oil by transesterification process. Test fuels were prepared by blending 80% of the biodiesel with 20% of kerosene (B80&K20) and 80% of the biodiesel with 10% of kerosene and 10% diesel fuel (B80&K10&D10). Fuels were used in a 4 cylinders diesel engine that was loaded with a generator. Combustion, performance and emission characteristics of the blend fuels and D2 in the diesel engine for certain loads of 3.6, 7.2 and 10.8 kW output power and 1500 rpm constant engine speed were experimented and deeply analyzed. It was found that kerosene contained blends had quite similar combustion characteristics with those of D2. Mass fuel consumption and Bscf were slightly increased for blend fuels. HC emissions slightly increased while NOx emissions considerably reduced for blends. It was resulted that high percentages of biodiesel can be a potential substitute for diesel fuel provided that it is used as blending fuel with certain amounts of kerosene.Öğe Combined effects of thermal barrier coating and blending with diesel fuel on usability of vegetable oils in diesel engines(Elsevier, 2013) Aydın, HüseyinThe possibility of using pure vegetable oils in a thermally insulated diesel engine has been experimentally investigated. Initially, the standard diesel fuel was tested in the engine, as base experiment for comparison. Then the engine was thermally insulated by coating some parts of it, such as piston, exhaust and intake valves surfaces with zirconium oxide (ZrO2). The main purpose of engine coating was to reduce heat rejection from the walls of combustion chamber and to increase thermal efficiency and thus to increase performance of the engine that using vegetable oil blends. Another aim of the study was to improve the usability of pure vegetable oils in diesel engines without performing any fuel treatments such as pyrolysis, emulsification and transesterification. Pure inedible cottonseed oil and sunflower oil were blended with diesel fuel. Blends and diesel fuel were then tested in the coated diesel engine. Experimental results proved that the main purpose of this study was achieved as the engine performance parameters such as power and torque were increased with simultaneous decrease in fuel consumption (bsfc). Furthermore, exhaust emission parameters such as CO, HC, and Smoke opacity were decreased. Also, sunflower oil blends presented better performance and emission parameters than cottonseed oil blends.Öğe Performance and emission analysis of cottonseed oil methyl ester in a diesel engine(Elsevier, 2010-03) Aydın, Hüseyin; Bayındır, HasanIn this study, performance and emissions of cottonseed oil methyl ester in a diesel engine was experimentally investigated. For the study, cottonseed oil methyl ester (CSOME) was added to diesel fuel, numbered D2, by volume of 5%(B5), 20%(B20), 50%(B50) and 75%(B75) as well as pure CSOME (B100). Fuels were tested in a single cylinder, direct injection, air cooled diesel engine. The effects of CSOME-diesel blends on engine performance and exhaust emissions were examined at various engine speeds and full loaded engine. The effect of B5, B20, B50, B75, B100 and D2 on the engine power, engine torque, bsfc's and exhaust gasses temperature were clarified by the performance tests. The influences of blends on CO, NOx, SO2 and smoke opacity were investigated by emission tests. The experimental results showed that the use of the lower blends (B5) slightly increases the engine torque at medium and higher speeds in compression ignition engines. However, there were no significant differences in performance values of B5, B20 and diesel fuel. Also with the increase of the biodiesel in blends, the exhaust emissions were reduced. The experimental results showed that the lower contents of CSOME in the blends can partially be substituted for the diesel fuel without any modifications in diesel engines.Öğe Çift yakıtlı reaktivite kontrollü bir dizel motorda biyodizel yakıtların düşük sıcaklıklı yanma performans ve emisyon karakteristiklerinin incelenmesi(Batman Üniversitesi, 2016) Işık, Mehmet Zerakki; Aydın, HüseyinDünya ekonomisinin gelişmesiyle birlikte, ham petrol talebi hızla büyümektedir. Sınırlı fosil yakıt durumu ve hava kirliliği, alternatif yakıtların ve yanma sistemlerinin araştırılmasına sürekli ilgi çekmiştir. Bilimsel çalışmalar içten yanmalı motorlarda yanmanın iyileştirilmesi ve emisyonların azaltılması amacıyla yeni yanma teknolojileri ve mevcut teknolojilerin optimizasyonuna odaklanmıştır. Düşük sıcaklıklı yanma (LTC) emisyonların azaltılması ve yakıt ekonomisinin iyileştirilmesi için güvenilir stratejiler olarak kabul edilebilir. LTC stratejilerinin önemli bir tanesi RCCI (reaktivite kontrollü sıkıştırmalı ateşleme) 'dir. RCCI uygulaması ikincil yakıtın emme manifoldu içine enjekte edilmesinden sonra, sıkıştırma zamanı sonuna doğru, silindirin içine birincil yakıtın enjekte edilerek tutuşmanın sağlanması şeklindedir. Bu çalışmada, bir dizel jeneratörde RCCI uygulamasının etkileri aspir yağı biyodizeli ve dizel karışımları kullanımında deneysel olarak incelenmiştir. Etanol ve benzin ikincil yakıt olarak % 30-60 oranlarında kullanılmıştır. Farklı koşullar altında motorun en önemli yanma, performans ve emisyon göstergeleri ayrıntılı olarak incelenmiş ve sonuçlar sunulmuştur. Etanol ve benzin RCCI uygulamasıyla yanma ve performans parametrelerinin çoğunda iyileşmeler olmuştur. Etanol ve benzin RCCI uygulamasında tüm yüklerde yakıt tüketimi artmış, özgül yakıt tüketimi düşük yüklerde artarken, yüksek yüklerde azalmıştır. NOX emisyonları önemli oranda azalmış, CO ve HC emisyonlarında ise kısmi artışlar olsa da değerler düşük seviyelerde kalmıştır.Öğe Bir dizel motorlu jeneratörde kısmi LPG kullanımının motor performansı, yanma ve egzoz emisyonlarına etkilerinin deneysel olarak araştırılması(Batman Üniversitesi, 2017) Aydın, Ahmet; Aydın, HüseyinDünyadaki enerji ihtiyacının büyük bir bölümü petrolden sağlanmaktadır. Ayrıca petrolün dikkate değer bir kısmının da motorlu araçlarda yakıt olarak kullanılması alternatif enerji kaynağı arayışlarını artırmıştır. Çevre kirliliğinin büyük sebeplerinden biri motorlu araçların yaydıkları emisyonlardır. Emisyon standart değerlerinin giderek daha düşük değerlere çekilmesi daha düşük emisyonlu motor yakıtlarını kullanmaya zorlamaktadır. LPG'nin kolayca bulunması, güvenli depolanabilmesi, emisyon değerlerinin birçok yakıta göre düşük olması sebebiyle özellikle otomotiv sektöründe ilgi uyandırmaya başlamıştır. Bu çalışmada bir dizel motorlu jeneratörde ikincil yakıt olarak, manifolda püskürtülen kısmi LPG'nin oranının motor performansı, yanma ve egzoz emisyonlarına etkisi incelenmiştir. Deneyler dört silindirli, dört zamanlı, su soğutmalı dizel motorlu bir jeneratörde yapılmıştır. Yapılan deneylerden elde edilen sonuçlara göre; genel olarak LPG oranının artması ile beraber vuruntu meyilli, silindir basıncı ve egzoz gaz sıcaklığında bir artış olduğu görülmüştür. Ayrıca özgül yakıt tüketimi ve kütlesel yakıt tüketiminin de arttığı söylenebilir. Emisyon açısından test sonuçları incelendiğinde; LPG katkısıyla genel olarak CO ve HC emisyon yoğunluklarında bir artış görülmüştür. CO2 emisyonları %40 oranına kadarki LPG katkısında yoğunluğunda düzenli bir azalış gözlemlenirken, bu oranın üzerindeki LPG katkısında hızlı bir düşüş göstermiştir. Öte yandan genel olarak LPG oranının artması O2 emisyon yoğunluğunu önemli bir ölçüde azaltmıştır. Genel olarak belli oranlara kadar LPG kullanımı ile yanma, performans ve emisyon değerleri dizel yakıtına benzer çıktığından bu oranlarda LPG'nin dizel motorlarında ikincil yakıt olarak kullanımının mümkün olduğu görülmüştür.Öğe Exhaust emissions of a CI engine operated with biodiesel from rapeseed oil(Taylor & Francis, 2011-01-16) Aydın, Hüseyin; İlkılıç, CumaliIn this study, biodiesel was produced from rapeseed oil and was used in a single cylinder, naturally aspirated and direct-injected diesel engine as pure biodiesel (B100) and as a blend with standard diesel fuel by 20% biodiesel to 80% diesel fuel (B20). The diesel engine emissions and some performance parameters were investigated at fully loaded engine conditions. The effects of pure biodiesel and its blend with diesel fuel on emissions of carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen oxides (NOx), carbon dioxide (CO2), and sulfur dioxide (SO2) were clarified. Results showed that biodiesel fuel is environmentally friendly since it reduced the emissions of CO, SO 2, and CO2 of engines at all speeds. Results also indicated that the pure biodiesel gave about 12% lower power and 20 to 25% higher fuel consumption as compared to diesel. However, the results were almost the same or slightly different from a blend of biodiesel-diesel and petroleum diesel fuel.Öğe Analysis of combustion, performance and emission characteristics of a diesel engine using low sulfur tire fuel(Elsevier, 2015-03-01) Aydın, Hüseyin; İlkılıç, CumaliAn alternative fuel for diesel engines was produced from waste vehicle tires by the method of pyrolysis. In order to reduce sulfur content of produced the liquid fuels, during the reaction Ca(OH) 2 was used. Then, H 2 SO 4 were used after the reaction and the sulfur content of the product was reduced by 83.75%. The properties of diesel fuel, low sulfur tire fuel and fuel mixtures of low sulfur tire fuel and diesel fuel were found. Then the prepared fuel blends and diesel fuel were tested in a diesel engine. Performance, combustion and emission parameters of the engine when using each fuel were obtained and comparisons were made with D2 fuel. Power, torque and mean effective pressure, mass fuel consumption, effective efficiency and bscf values presented. Results justify that the performance of the engine slightly lowers by using blends of LSTF. Cylinder pressure and heat release rate values of the test fuels usage were quite similar with those of D2. CO, HC, and smoke emissions were slightly higher while NOx emissions were lower for LSTF blends. All of these results indicate that desulfurized tire fuels with low percentages can be used as alternative fuel in diesel engine.Öğe Scrutinizing the combustion, performance and emissions of safflower biodiesel-kerosene fueled diesel engine used as power source for a generato(Elsevier, 2016-06-01) Aydın, HüseyinWhen neat biodiesel or its blends with diesel fuel that contain high amounts of biodiesel are used in diesel engines some operational problems such as poor injection, bad atomization and incomplete combustion occur mainly due to higher viscosity and surface tension. Engine problems with the use of biodiesel-fuel blends that contain higher percentages of biodiesel need to be solved in order to utilize the advantages of biodiesel in environmental and economical ways. The mentioned problems can also be solved by blending biodiesel with another low density or viscosity fuel such as kerosene. In present study biodiesel was produced from safflower oil. S90&K10, S75&K25 and S50&K50 were prepared by blending biodiesel with kerosene. A 4 cylinder diesel engine that was used to drive an electric generator was used to deeply investigate the similarity of combustion, performance and emission characteristics of the blend fuels to D2. All experiments were carried out at constant loads of 3.6, 7.2 and 10.8 kW generated powers. Patterns of combustion parameters found to be quite similar for blends and D2 fuel. NOx emissions were considerably decreased with percentages of 68.2%, 56.9% and 55.1% for S50&K50, S75&K25 and S90&K10, respectively while unburned HC emissions were a bit increased. Mass fuel consumption and BSFC were slightly increased for S75&K25 and S90&K10, but they were decreased with an average increase in BTE by 3.84% for S50&K50 fuel when compared to D2. Eventually, it was concluded that high percentages of safflower oil biodiesel can be a potential substitute for diesel fuel provided that it is used as blended with certain amounts of kerosene.
