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Öğe Effects of ethanol addition to biodiesel fuels derived from cottonseed oil and its cooking waste as fuel in a generator diesel engine(Taylor & Francis, 2020-03) Karakaya, HakanExploration of energy sources such as renewable and non-edible vegetable oils has been continued during the recent two decades of 2000s. Cottonseed oil is a non-edible, abundant oil and is generally used as cooking oil. In the present study, the usability of biodiesel derived from both cottonseed oil and its cooking wastes was investigated by blending them with ULSD or ethanol in 50 percentages. B50, WB50, B50E50 and WB50E50, biodiesel and ethanol-contained fuels and ULSD were prepared for experiments. Combustion, performance, and emissions tests were conducted on a diesel engine used for power-producing electrical generator. In the combustion tests, cylinder pressure, HRR, CHR, MGT, and MFB were analyzed while MFC, BSFC, exhaust manifold temperature, and thermal efficiency were obtained in the performance tests. In the emissions tests, CO, HC, and NOx emissions were measured and compared with the results of ULSD. Combustion and performance findings of ULSD contained biodiesel blends were found more similar to those of ULSD. The duration of combustion stage can clearly be seen to be narrowed for ethanol-contained blend because of the rabid combustion characteristics of ethanol. Besides, the peak of HRR was found 10% higher for B50E50 while it was found averagely 8% for WB50E50 blends. NOx emissions were found 48% lower averagely for ethanol contained biodiesel blends that it is the most important finding of ethanol using with biodiesel. Besides, HC emissions were also found about 75% for biodiesel contained diesel fuel blends.Öğe Biodiesel properties of microalgae (Chlorella protothecoides) oil for use in diesel engines(Taylor & Francis, 2018-09-08) Yaşar, Fevzi; Altun, ŞehmusIn this study, biodiesel was produced from a microalgae oil, chlorella protothecoides, by typical alkali-catalyzed transesterification in conditions such as a 0.75 wt.% KOH of the oil as catalyst, 68°C and 80 min which was agreed as optimal conditions after investigating the effect of KOH concentration, reaction temperature and time at constant molar ratio of 6:1 on the conversion rate and fuel properties. Under these conditions, a 98.6% conversion rate of algae oil to its methyl ester was achieved with ester content higher than 96%. Furthermore, all physicochemical properties met the requirements of international biodiesel standards, EN 14214 and ASTM D 6751, with some remarkable ones such as high cetane number (57.3) and low CFPP (−10°C). The effect of microalgae biodiesel volume fraction in the fuel on the kinematic viscosity, CFPP, lubricity, density, and distillation temperature was also studied. A blending ratio of the algal-biodiesel up to 50% (v/v) was also found in agreement with the standards for biodiesel-diesel blends. From GC analysis, oleic and linoleic acids were found to be major fatty acids, and then the oxygen extended sooting index and adiabatic flame temperature were calculated using fatty acid distribution for evaluating the main diesel emissions such as soot and NO. As a result, the algae oil studied here was found to be an appropriate raw material for producing biodiesel and for using in Diesel Engines and its properties are within the typical ranges of conventional biodiesel fuels.Öğe Exhaust emissions of a CI engine operated with biodiesel from rapeseed oil(Taylor & Francis, 2011-01-16) Aydın, Hüseyin; İlkılıç, CumaliIn this study, biodiesel was produced from rapeseed oil and was used in a single cylinder, naturally aspirated and direct-injected diesel engine as pure biodiesel (B100) and as a blend with standard diesel fuel by 20% biodiesel to 80% diesel fuel (B20). The diesel engine emissions and some performance parameters were investigated at fully loaded engine conditions. The effects of pure biodiesel and its blend with diesel fuel on emissions of carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen oxides (NOx), carbon dioxide (CO2), and sulfur dioxide (SO2) were clarified. Results showed that biodiesel fuel is environmentally friendly since it reduced the emissions of CO, SO 2, and CO2 of engines at all speeds. Results also indicated that the pure biodiesel gave about 12% lower power and 20 to 25% higher fuel consumption as compared to diesel. However, the results were almost the same or slightly different from a blend of biodiesel-diesel and petroleum diesel fuel.Öğe Biofuels derived from Turkish industry wastes - A study of performance and emissions in a diesel engine(Wiley-Blackwell, 2015-08-13) Altun, Şehmus; Rodríguez-Fernández, JoséRecently, research has focused on the biofuel production from local industrial wastes due to the risk of greenhouse emissions derived from land-use change (both directly and indirectly) of conventional feedstock and the social concern about the effect of conventional biofuel production on oil prices and its availability (the so-called food vs. fuel debate). Therefore, with the aim to evaluate the use of biofuels derived from wastes from traditional manufacturing industries in Turkey, biodiesel fuels from leather fat, obtained as a by-product in the leather industry, waste anchovy fish oil, derived from the fish-processing industry, and waste frying cottonseed oil achieved from food industry, have been tested in a three-cylinder DI diesel engine at a steady-state condition. In a previous work, the viability of these fuels was evaluated by analyzing measured and estimated properties and indicators for main diesel emissions, and recommendations were made on their alternative use to conventional biodiesels with the benefit of potentially lower life-cycle greenhouse emissions. The experimental results, which were compared with ULSD operation, demonstrated that the engine performance was not significantly affected, while a substantial change in emissions was observed with the use of biofuels. In general, the emission results reported here are in a similar range to those obtained with the use of conventional biodiesel fuels. Nonetheless, the exact magnitude of these changes depended upon the biodiesel origin. Lubricity of alternative biofuels was also tested, revealing an enormous capacity for protecting the fuel system from wear, in line with conventional biodiesel fuels.Öğe Biodiesel production from leather industry wastes as an alternative feedstock and its use in diesel engines(SAGE, 2013-11-01) Altun, Şehmus; Yaşar, FevziWaste leather fat is produced by the leather industry in fleshing processing and discarded as waste. These wastes can be used as a potential feedstock for biodiesel production due to their considerable fat content. In this work, raw fleshing oil which is a fat-originated waste of the leather industry was transesterified using methanol in the presence of an alkali catalyst to obtain biodiesel. The obtained biodiesel was then used in a four-stroke and direct injection diesel engine to evaluate the biodiesel behavior as an alternative diesel fuel, at a constant speed under variable load conditions. Blends [20 and 50% (v/v)] of biodiesel with diesel reference fuel were tested too. The emissions test results compared with diesel reference fuel showed that diesel engine fueled by biodiesel emitted significantly lower opacity and gaseous emissions than the same engine fueled by diesel reference fuel, and with very similar performance. The obtained data indicated that biodiesel from leather industry wastes is promising as an alternative fuel for diesel engines, and can be used to substitute diesel fuel in terms of performance and emission parameters without any engine modification.Öğe Emissions from an engine fueled with biodiesel-kerosene blends(Taylor & Francis, 2011-01) Aydın, Hüseyin; Bayındır, Hasan; İlkılıç, CumaliBiofuels are renewable energy sources for internal combustion engines and they have low emissions. They are increasingly used as an alternative to petroleum fuels. In this work, three different fuel types, such as commercial diesel fuel (D2), 20% biodiesel and 80% diesel fuel called here as B20, and 80% biodiesel and 20% kerosene, called here as BK20, were used in a single cylinder, four stroke, direct injection compression ignition engine. Kerosene was used as an additive to approach the properties of biodiesel to D2. The effects of the blends on CO, NOx, and smoke emissions as well as on some of the performance parameter of the engine were investigated. The prepared fuel, BK20 blend, has almost the same fuel properties as conventional diesel fuel. The experimental results showed that the exhaust emissions for BK20 were fairly reduced as compared to diesel fuel as well as B20. Besides, the performance of CI engine was improved with the use of the BK20, especially in comparison to B20. Results suggest that the BK20 can be substituted to the petroleum-based diesel fuel in diesel engines.Öğe Effect of biodiesel addition in a blend of isopropanol-butanol-ethanol and diesel on combustion and emissions of a CRDI engine(Taylor & Francis, 2021-05-21) Altun, Şehmus; İlçin, KutbettinThe increasing demand for energy and the fact that petroleum, which is the most used energy source, has a limited reserve, have led researchers to search for new and renewable energy sources. In this context, biofuels such as biodiesel and bio alcohols have been studied and used in internal combustion engines for a long time. However, with the developments in technology, the production and use of such alternative fuels in different engine technologies is still a subject of research. In this regard, isopropanol-butanol-ethanol (IBE) has received an increasing attention over standard alcohols and its potential as a substitute for other alcohol fuels in internal combustion engines has been researched recently. Therefore, the purpose of the experimental study is to investigate the effect of biodiesel addition at rates of 20% and 40% by volume in a blend of IBE (30% v/v) with petroleum-based diesel (70% v/v) on the combustion and emission characteristics of a single-cylinder common-rail direct injection engine at constant engine speed of 2400 rpm and 60% load conditions. Experimental results showed that all blended fuels presented a potential to reduce smoke opacity by 27% − 41%, CO emissions by 44% − 66% and unburnt HC emissions (up to 31.8%) but increase NOx emissions by 5% − 24.6% compared to diesel. However, adding biodiesel caused to a slight increase in smoke opacity and CO emissions while decrease in unburned HC and NOx emissions compared to the blend of IBE and diesel. Combustion analysis also showed that the use of blended fuels led to the increase of peak cylinder pressure (by 7%) and the significant improvement in the rate of heat release was observed, which further increased with the addition of biodiesel to blend of IBE and diesel. It was concluded that ternary blends was performed better than the blend of IBE and diesel while biodiesel addition was found to be beneficial in terms of reduction of unburnt HC and NOx emissions along with improved performance.Öğe Emissions from a diesel power generator fuelled with biodiesel and fossil diesel fuels(SAGE Journals, 2015-08-01) Altun, ŞehmusThe aim of this work was to compare the emission characteristics of a biodiesel derived from waste cooking sunflower oil and two fossil diesel fuels (ultra-low sulphur diesel and its type of containing gas-to-liquid). The tests were conducted on a direct-injection diesel engine-powered generator set, which is the type of generator applied in institutional facilities, under variable load and constant engine speed conditions. Experimental results showed that diesel containing gas-to-liquid and biodiesel reduced smoke opacity while NOx emissions were slightly higher for both fuels. An increase in fuel consumption was also observed for biodiesel compared with both fossil diesels. Unburned HC emissions were high for biodiesel, but overall level of CO emissions remained very low for all fuels testedÖğe Combustion, performance, and emissions of safflower biodiesel with dimethyl ether addition in a power generator diesel engine(Taylor & Francis, 2020-04-29) Aydın, Hüseyin; Işık, Mehmet Zerrakki; İşcan, Bahattin; Topkaya, HüsnaIn this study, the effect of dimethyl ether (DME) addition to diesel (ultralow sulfur diesel fuel) and biodiesel fuels on the combustion, performance, and emissions of a diesel-powered generator was investigated. For this purpose, fuel samples of the ternary blend that volumetrically composed of 10% safflower biodiesel–10% dimethyl ether–80% ultralow sulfur diesel fuel (B10DME10), the ternary blend that volumetrically composed of 25% safflower biodiesel–25% dimethyl ether–50% ultralow sulfur diesel fuel (B25DME25), the binary blend that volumetrically composed of 25% safflower biodiesel–75% ultralow sulfur diesel fuel (B10DME10) B25, and pure safflower oil biodiesel (B100) and standard ultralow sulfur diesel (D2) were prepared. The test engine was loaded by power drawing from the generator by the usage of equivalent powered electrical heating resistances. Generally, using DME with biodiesel improved the combustion properties of biodiesel blends that can be attributed to the lower viscosity of DME. The maximum cylinder pressure was obtained for B10DME10 in general and sometimes for B25DME25. When test fuels are compared, DME blends showed higher and earlier peaks of heat release compared to diesel and biodiesel blend fuels especially. It was found that combustion is more efficient from mass fuel consumption (MFC) and brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC) values in the use of DME than biodiesel. BSEC values of using DME in the blends considerably decreased that it is the proof of improved combustion and energy efficiency. The highest average efficiency values were obtained for B25DME25 as 28.3% although it has a lower calorific value than D2 due to the considerably improved combustion properties of DME, while the average efficiency values were 23.1%, 23.3%, and 20.7% for D2, B25, and B100 fuels, respectively. Highest carbon monoxide (CO) emissions were obtained in the use of pure biodiesel, while the lowest CO emissions were obtained in the use of DME. The addition of DME is seen to increase the nitrogen oxides (NOx) and CO emissions.
