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Öğe Biofuels derived from Turkish industry wastes - A study of performance and emissions in a diesel engine(Wiley-Blackwell, 2015-08-13) Altun, Şehmus; Rodríguez-Fernández, JoséRecently, research has focused on the biofuel production from local industrial wastes due to the risk of greenhouse emissions derived from land-use change (both directly and indirectly) of conventional feedstock and the social concern about the effect of conventional biofuel production on oil prices and its availability (the so-called food vs. fuel debate). Therefore, with the aim to evaluate the use of biofuels derived from wastes from traditional manufacturing industries in Turkey, biodiesel fuels from leather fat, obtained as a by-product in the leather industry, waste anchovy fish oil, derived from the fish-processing industry, and waste frying cottonseed oil achieved from food industry, have been tested in a three-cylinder DI diesel engine at a steady-state condition. In a previous work, the viability of these fuels was evaluated by analyzing measured and estimated properties and indicators for main diesel emissions, and recommendations were made on their alternative use to conventional biodiesels with the benefit of potentially lower life-cycle greenhouse emissions. The experimental results, which were compared with ULSD operation, demonstrated that the engine performance was not significantly affected, while a substantial change in emissions was observed with the use of biofuels. In general, the emission results reported here are in a similar range to those obtained with the use of conventional biodiesel fuels. Nonetheless, the exact magnitude of these changes depended upon the biodiesel origin. Lubricity of alternative biofuels was also tested, revealing an enormous capacity for protecting the fuel system from wear, in line with conventional biodiesel fuels.Öğe Emissions from an engine fueled with biodiesel-kerosene blends(Taylor & Francis, 2011-01) Aydın, Hüseyin; Bayındır, Hasan; İlkılıç, CumaliBiofuels are renewable energy sources for internal combustion engines and they have low emissions. They are increasingly used as an alternative to petroleum fuels. In this work, three different fuel types, such as commercial diesel fuel (D2), 20% biodiesel and 80% diesel fuel called here as B20, and 80% biodiesel and 20% kerosene, called here as BK20, were used in a single cylinder, four stroke, direct injection compression ignition engine. Kerosene was used as an additive to approach the properties of biodiesel to D2. The effects of the blends on CO, NOx, and smoke emissions as well as on some of the performance parameter of the engine were investigated. The prepared fuel, BK20 blend, has almost the same fuel properties as conventional diesel fuel. The experimental results showed that the exhaust emissions for BK20 were fairly reduced as compared to diesel fuel as well as B20. Besides, the performance of CI engine was improved with the use of the BK20, especially in comparison to B20. Results suggest that the BK20 can be substituted to the petroleum-based diesel fuel in diesel engines.Öğe Effects of isopropanol-butanol-ethanol (IBE) on combustion characteristics of a RCCI engine fueled by biodiesel fuel(Journals & Books, 2021-10) Altun, Şehmus; Okcu, Mutlu; Varol, Yasin; Fırat, MüjdatThe reactivity controlled compression ignition (RCCI) strategy using fuels with different reactivity’s has attracted attention due to its high thermal efficiency as well as very low NOx and PM emissions in comparison to conventional combustion. As previous studies have shown that the type and amount of low reactivity fuel have a significant contribution to the in-cylinder reactivity, thus RCCI combustion, in this study, Iso-Propanol-Butanol-Ethanol (IBE), which has comparable characteristics to n-butanol and ethanol, is employed as low reactivity fuel (LRF) in a RCCI engine fueled by petroleum based EN590 fuel and commercial biodiesel. The IBE mixture was in volumetric ratios of 3:6:1 as in the fermentation process of butanol, that is to say; 30% Iso-Propanol, 60% Butanol and 10% Ethanol. In each experimental condition, keeping the total energy of the fuel supplied to the engine in conventional combustion mode for each cycle as constant, the premixed ratio (Rp) in case RCCI combustion was applied as 0%, 15%, 30%, 45% and 60% (the amount of LRF in energy basis) over this energy amount. The effect of premixed ratio of IBE on combustion characteristics were investigated in a single-cylinder RCCI engine under different loads with using both petroleum diesel and biodiesel as high-reactivity fuels (HRF), respectively. According to experimental results, a higher in-cylinder pressure was measured by using diesel in both conventional and RCCI mode compared to the use of biodiesel. Considering the peak in-cylinder pressure and rate of heat release, the premixed ratio (Rp) of up to 45% was found as optimum for all loads while it was up to 30%Rp for the NOx emissions. In addition, the biodiesel-fueled RCCI engine produced the lowest smoke opacity in all loads and it gradually decreased by up to 97% with the application of the RCCI strategy. Furthermore, the results showed that a simultaneous reduction in NOx and smoke opacity could be obtained under 60% load and up to 30% Rp with a marginal increase in unburned HC emissions.
