Diyarbakır Sur ilçesi kazılarında ele geçen Bizans dönemi (III. Romanus) altın sikkelerin arkeometrik incelemesi
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Tarih
2022-06-13
Yazarlar
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Yayıncı
Batman Üniversitesi Lisansüstü Eğitim Enstitüsü
Erişim Hakkı
info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
Özet
Özellikle müzelerde muhafaza edilen ve sadece yerinde analizi gerçekleştirilebilen malzemelerin başında değerli metallerden üretilmiş sikkeler gelmektedir. Taşınabilir analiz cihazları ile yerinde ve tahribatsız olarak karakterize edilmesi gereken altın, gümüş esaslı sikkeler için çoğunlukla portatif X-ışını floresan (p-XRF) spektrometresi tercih edilmektedir. Bu tez kapsamında Diyarbakır İli, Melik Ahmet Caddesi’nde 1992 yılında gerçekleştirilen kazı sonrasında bulunarak müsadere yoluyla Diyarbakır Müzesi Müdürlüğü’ne götürülerek kayda alınan sikkeler üzerinde p-XRF aracılığı ile detaylı bir arkeometrik inceleme gerçekleştirilmiştir. III. Romanus dönemine ait 45 adet altın sikke herhangi bir zarar görmeden p-XRF ile analiz edilerek örneklerin kimyasal kompozisyonu belirlenmiştir.
Yapılan analizlerde III. Romanus dönemi sikkeleri için kompozisyonu oluşturan ana element altın olmuştur (ortalama %93,89). Altından sonra tespit edilen majör element gümüştür, ancak en yüksek gümüş oranı %9’u geçmemektedir (gümüş ortalama %5,25). 13 sikkede bakır (ortalama %1,05-2,46), 18 sikkede demir (ortalama %0,87-6,5) saptanmıştır. Örnek setinde yalnızca birer numunede titanyum, mangan, osmiyum, iridyum, nikel ve kurşun tespit edilmiştir. Sikkelerin elementel içeriklerinin çoğunlukla birbirine paralel çıkmasına karşın, örneklerin kendi içerisindeki dağılımlarını görmek amacıyla hiyerarşik kümeleme analizi gerçekleştirilmiştir. Altın-gümüş-bakır-demir ve altın-gümüş ile yapılan sınıflandırmalarda sikkeler 3 farklı grup oluşturmuştur.
Tez çalışmasında elde edilen analiz sonuçları sikkelerdeki olası değişimler, farklılıklar ve benzerlikler üzerine değerlendirmeler yapabilmek üzere bazı Bizans dönemi soliduslar ve Diyarbakır Müzesi’nde bulunan Bizans dönemi çukur altın sikkelerin kimyasal kompozisyonlarıyla karşılaştırılmıştır. Bu amaçla, mevcut çalışmadaki III. Romanus dönemine ait sikkeler, M.S. 457-695 yılları arasında tahtta kalan 6 Bizans dönemi imparatoruna ait soliduslar ve 1059-1143 yılları arasında tahtta kalmış 4 Bizans dönemi imparatoruna ait çukur sikkeler için p-XRF verileri üzerinden hiyerarşik kümeleme analizi gerçekleştirilmiş ve dağılımları incelenmiştir.
III. Romanus dönemi soliduslarının farklı dönemlere ait soliduslarla altın, gümüş, bakır ve demir içeriklerine göre, ayrıca Bizans çukur sikkelerinin altın, gümüş ve bakır içeriklerine göre yapılan hiyerarşik kümeleme analizi sonuçlarında her iki sınıflandırmada da sikkelerin 3 gruba ayrıldığı görülmüştür. Kümeleme analizi sonuçlarına bakıldığında, III. Romanus dönemi ve öncesindeki soliduslarda kullanılan yüksek orandaki altına alternatif olarak ilerleyen dönemlerde basılan çukur sikkelerde altın harici madenlerin üretimde tercih edildiği görülmektedir. Her imparatorun kendi döneminde genel olarak sikke madeni açısından çok belirgin değişimlerin olmadığı, fakat imparator değiştikçe sikkelerdeki değerli maden kullanımında, özellikle çukur sikkelerde dalgalanmaların olduğu tespit edilmiştir.
Coins made of precious metals are at the forefront of materials that are preserved in museums and that can only be analyzed on-site. Portable X-ray fluorescence (p-XRF) spectrometry is mostly preferred for gold and silver-based coins that need to be characterized in situ and non-destructively with portable analysis devices. Within the scope of this thesis, a detailed archaeometric analysis was carried out by means of p-XRF on the coins which were found after the excavations in Melik Ahmet Street in 1992 and taken to Diyarbakır Museum Directorate through confiscation and recorded. The chemical composition of the samples was determined by analyzing 45 gold coins belonging to the Romanus III period with p-XRF without any damage. In the analyses, the main element forming the composition for the coins of the Romanus III period was gold (93.89% in average). The most abundant element detected after gold was silver, but the highest silver rate did not exceed 9% (5.25% in average). Copper and iron were detected respectively in 12 coins (Cu: 1.05-2.46%) and 18 coins (Fe: 0.87-6.5%). Titanium, manganese, osmium, iridium, nickel and lead were detected in one sample each. Despite the fact that the element contents of the coins were mostly parallel to each other, hierarchical clustering analysis was carried out to see the distribution of the samples within themselves. In the classifications made with gold-silver-copper-iron and gold-silver, the coins formed three different groups. The analysis results obtained in the present study were compared with the chemical compositions of some Byzantine solidus and Byzantine period hollow gold coins (from Diyarbakır Museum) in order to make evaluations on possible changes, differences and similarities among the coins. For this purpose, hierarchical clustering analysis was carried out considering the p-XRF data of the coins in the present study (belonging to the Romanus III period), solidus samples belonging to six Byzantine period emperors who were on the throne between 457-695 and for the hollow coins belonging to four Byzantine period emperors who were on the throne between 1059-1143, and their distributions were examined. In the results of hierarchical clustering analyses for the Romanus III solidus coins respectively performed with the solidus belonging to different periods (according to the gold, silver, copper and iron contents) and with the Byzantine hollow gold coins (according to gold, silver and copper contents), it was seen that the coins were divided into 3 groups in both classifications. Considering the results of cluster analysis, it was seen that non-gold metals were preferred in the production of hollow coins produced in the following periods as an alternative to the high percentage of gold used in solidus in the Romanus III period and before. It has been determined that there were no significant changes in terms of coin metal in each emperor's own period, but there were fluctuations in the use of precious metals in coins as the emperor changed, especially in the hollow coins.
Coins made of precious metals are at the forefront of materials that are preserved in museums and that can only be analyzed on-site. Portable X-ray fluorescence (p-XRF) spectrometry is mostly preferred for gold and silver-based coins that need to be characterized in situ and non-destructively with portable analysis devices. Within the scope of this thesis, a detailed archaeometric analysis was carried out by means of p-XRF on the coins which were found after the excavations in Melik Ahmet Street in 1992 and taken to Diyarbakır Museum Directorate through confiscation and recorded. The chemical composition of the samples was determined by analyzing 45 gold coins belonging to the Romanus III period with p-XRF without any damage. In the analyses, the main element forming the composition for the coins of the Romanus III period was gold (93.89% in average). The most abundant element detected after gold was silver, but the highest silver rate did not exceed 9% (5.25% in average). Copper and iron were detected respectively in 12 coins (Cu: 1.05-2.46%) and 18 coins (Fe: 0.87-6.5%). Titanium, manganese, osmium, iridium, nickel and lead were detected in one sample each. Despite the fact that the element contents of the coins were mostly parallel to each other, hierarchical clustering analysis was carried out to see the distribution of the samples within themselves. In the classifications made with gold-silver-copper-iron and gold-silver, the coins formed three different groups. The analysis results obtained in the present study were compared with the chemical compositions of some Byzantine solidus and Byzantine period hollow gold coins (from Diyarbakır Museum) in order to make evaluations on possible changes, differences and similarities among the coins. For this purpose, hierarchical clustering analysis was carried out considering the p-XRF data of the coins in the present study (belonging to the Romanus III period), solidus samples belonging to six Byzantine period emperors who were on the throne between 457-695 and for the hollow coins belonging to four Byzantine period emperors who were on the throne between 1059-1143, and their distributions were examined. In the results of hierarchical clustering analyses for the Romanus III solidus coins respectively performed with the solidus belonging to different periods (according to the gold, silver, copper and iron contents) and with the Byzantine hollow gold coins (according to gold, silver and copper contents), it was seen that the coins were divided into 3 groups in both classifications. Considering the results of cluster analysis, it was seen that non-gold metals were preferred in the production of hollow coins produced in the following periods as an alternative to the high percentage of gold used in solidus in the Romanus III period and before. It has been determined that there were no significant changes in terms of coin metal in each emperor's own period, but there were fluctuations in the use of precious metals in coins as the emperor changed, especially in the hollow coins.
Açıklama
Anahtar Kelimeler
Arkeometri, p- XRF, Sikke, Sikke Analizi, Sikke Karakterizasyonu, Archaeometry, Coin, Coin Characterization, Coin Analysis
Kaynak
WoS Q Değeri
Scopus Q Değeri
Cilt
Sayı
Künye
Şeker, N. (2022). Diyarbakır Sur ilçesi kazılarında ele geçen Bizans dönemi (III. Romanus) altın sikkelerin arkeometrik incelemesi. (Yayınlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi). Batman Üniversitesi Lisansüstü Eğitim Enstitüsü, Batman.
