Jeomorfolojik bulgular ışığında Diyarbakır Havzası’nın (Diyarbakır) holosen jeoarkeolojisi
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Tarih
2023-07-12
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Lisansüstü Eğitim Enstitüsü
Erişim Hakkı
info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
Özet
Yerleşimler ve doğal çevre arasındaki ilişkiler ve etkileşimler açısından bu çalışmada, Ambar Çayı’nın yukarı kısmı ve çevresini (Dicle Nehri’nin kuzeyini ve Diyarbakır-Batman arasında uzanan platoları) ilgilendirmektedir. Yaklaşımımız, özellikle topografya ve coğrafi uygunluğu açısından çevresine kıyasla elverişli yaşam alanları ve kaynakları üreten jeomorfolojik süreçlere ve diğer olası faktörlere odaklanmaktadır. Yerleşim için oldukça elverişli olan havza tabanında meydana gelen doğal çevre değişmeleri, arkeolojik yerleşimleri etkilemiştir. Arkeolojik alanlardaki geçmişe ait coğrafi ortam özellikleri ve buradaki yerleşimlerin tercih nedenleri disiplinler arası bir yaklaşımla irdelenmiştir.
Bu çalışma, Ambar Çayı vadi sisteminde incelenen yerleşmelerin tarihine ve kaderine katkıda bulunan faktörler olarak Coğrafya (fiziki ve beşerî), Holosen iklimi ve çevreye dayalı ek yaklaşımları ve bilimleri arkeolojik araştırmalara mümkün olduğunca entegre etmek amacıyla disiplinler arası bir yaklaşımın uygulandığı Diyarbakır Havzası’ndaki çalışmalardan biridir. Ambar Çayı, Dicle’nin sol bankında Diyarbakır Havzası’ndaki önemli kollarından biri olduğundan, yaklaşımımız fiziki coğrafya bağlamının yanı sıra jeoarkeoloji-paleocoğrafya özelliklerinin incelenmesine dayanacaktır. Buna göre, Diyarbakır Havzası’nın rölyefleri, jeolojik yapısı, fasiyes değişimleri, yani tortul çökeller ve nehir malzemesi çökelleri, jeomorfolojik özellikleri, teras yapıları ve tektonizmasının arkeolojik yerleşimlerle ilişkileri ele alınmakta ve incelenmektedir.
Dicle Nehri ve kolları, Fırat Havzası ile Mezopotamya’ya karakterini veren iki nehir sisteminden biridir. Dicle, Güneydoğu Toroslar’ın bir bölümünü oluşturan yüksek rölyefleri drene ettikten sonra Diyarbakır Havzası’nı bir uçtan diğerine kat eder. Bu havza içinde birçok kaynak ve akarsu, yeryüzünde yaşamın ilk koşulları olan su ve çevredeki kaynakları ile barınma olanağı sağlar. Dicle Nehri’nin sol bankında Diyarbakır Havzası’ndaki tüm kolları, yüksek platolara ve güneydeki alçak platolara bağlanan doğal geçitler ve güzergahlar sağlar. Ayrıca, Doğu Akdeniz ve Ortadoğu (İran) atmosferik sirkülasyonlarından gelen hava kütlelerine bakan dağ sıralarının oluşturduğu Diyarbakır Havzası’nın kuzey kesiminin orografik organizasyonu, su kaynaklarının yanı sıra zengin çevresel sistemleri (hayvanlar, bitkiler, saha etkileri) destekleyen koşullar sağlar. Bu koşullar insan nüfusunu da cezbetmiştir. Bu rölyef ve buna bağlı iklimsel bağlamlar avcılık, toplayıcılık, yerleşik hayata geçme, çevreyi ehlileştirme ve değiş tokuş için gerçekten de avantajlar üretmiştir. Buna ek olarak, bölgesel durum yerleşim açısından en önemli avantaj olmakla birlikte, Ambar Çayı vadisi, avcı-toplayıcı gruplardan yerleşik topluluklara kültürel geçiş sürecinin (i) yerleşim yerlerinin (ii) kuzeydeki orojenik kuşakta kolayca bulunabilen bazı petrografik (obsidiyen) ve mineral (çoğunlukla bakır) kaynaklara son derece yakın olmasından ve (iii) dağlık kuşakta orman ve zengin ot alanlarının (avlanmak, odun toplamak vb. için) yakınlığından da yararlandığı açıktır.
1990’larda başlayan GAP Projesi çerçevesinde Fırat Nehri üzerindeki birkaç barajın ve kolları üzerindeki diğer barajların tamamlanmasının ardından (Fırat üzerindeki son baraj 2002 yılında Türkiye-Suriye sınırındaki Karkamış'ta açılmıştır), 2018 yılında Türkiye-Suriye sınırına yakın Dicle üzerinde devasa olan bir baraj daha (Ilısu’da) tamamlanmıştır. Fırat’ta olduğu gibi Dicle’nin barajlaştırılması projesi de Güneydoğu Toroslar ve onun doğu uzantısı olan ana kollar üzerindeki barajları kapsıyor. Ambar’daki baraj projesi de bu çerçevede sulama amaçlı yapılmıştır.
Ambar baraj suları altında kalacak olan 3 arkeolojik yerleşimde kurtarma kazıları 2018 yılında başlamıştır. 2020 yılında, jeoarkeolojik araştırmalarına başlanması: ilk olarak, (i) Ambar Çayı’nın Kenar Kıvrımlardan, Diyarbakır Havzası’na döküldüğü vadinin güneyindeki bu üç (Ambar Höyük, Gre Fılla ve Kendale Hecala) yakın lokaliteye yerleşmek için Neolitik popülasyonların seçimine katkıda bulunmuş olabilecek coğrafi, jeomorfolojik ve jeolojik ortamların tanımlanması, (ii) gelişme (ve uzmanlaşma?), (iii) dönemsel olarak terk edilmelerine yol açmış olabilecek nehir akış rejimiyle ilgili olası zorluklar ve (iv) nihai olarak terk edilmeleri irdelenmiştir.
Arkeolojik stratigrafide kaydedilen bu tür olası olayları yeniden oluşturabilmek için, (i) bugünkü Ambar köyünün bulunduğu ve önemli bir Neolitik sit alanının da yer aldığı çok derin geçitlerin hemen güneyindeki Ambar’ın üst havzasından itibaren nehir boyunca topografyayı yeniden inşa etmek gerekmiştir, (ii) Ambar Çayı’nın, basamaklı ve gömülü teraslar sisteminden geçerek (Neolitik yerleşimin bulunduğu) Dicle vadisine yaklaştığı yere kadar, bu üç yerleşimle yakından ilişkili yerlerde (yukarıdan aşağıya doğru) bir dizi karot çalışması gerçekleştirdik: Ambar höyük, Gre Filla höyük ve Kendale Hecala höyük karotları. Sonuçlar, yerleşimlerin coğrafi bağlamını, yakın çevrelerinin jeomorfolojik karakterlerini, özellikle yeryüzü şekillerinin analizini ve bunların zaman içindeki evrimini, oluşum süreçlerini ve insan yaşamı üzerindeki etkilerini açıklığa kavuşturmaya olanak tanımaktadır. Elde ettiğimiz sonuçlar, arkeolojik kazılar ve projelerle bağlantılı olarak, havza ölçeğinden yerleşim yerine kadar jeomorfolojik bağlam ve evrimi üzerine de çalışmalar yapılmasının yararlılığının ve gerekliliğinin altını çizmektedir. Holosen Dönem’de Neolitik Çağ’da başlayan yerleşik hayatın coğrafi koşulları ve insan topluluklarını ne ölçüde etkilediği paleocoğrafya çalışmaları, karot örnekleme ve jeofizik çalışmalarla gün ışığına çıkarılabilir. Geçmiş döneme ait çevresel rekonstrüksiyonların anlaşılabilmesi için arkeolojinin coğrafya biliminden faydalanması büyük önem taşımaktadır.
In terms of the relationships and interactions between settlements and the natural environment, this study concerns the upper part of the Ambar River Basin and its surroundings (in the Diyarbakır-Batman plateaus north of the Tigris River). Our approach focuces on the geomorphological processes and other possible factors that produced suitable living grounds and resources, especially in terms of topography and resource suitability compared to its surroundings. Indeed, it appears that the river and the geomorphological characteristics of its basin is, together with other geographical factors (climate, relief, soil, hydrography, mobilities, underground and overground resources etc.), has been an attractive area for a long time as shown by the number of permanent settlements present in the area. However, in spite of the natural environment at the basin floor being very suitable for settlement, erosion and other environmental changes have affected the archaeological settlements connected to the river valley. According to this context, the past geographical features corresponding to past (archaeological) areas and the reasons for selecting the settlements positions are presented here on the basis of an interdisciplinary approach. The present study is one of the studies in the Diyarbakır Basin, where an interdisciplinary approach has been applied, in order to integrate as much as possible, within the archaeological researches additional approaches and sciences based on Geography (physical and human), Holocene climate and environment as factors contributing to the history and fate of the sites studied in the Ambar Stream valley system. As the Ambar Stream being one of the important tributaries of the Tigris left banks in the Diyarbakir Basin. Our approach will be based on studying physical geography context, as well as on geoarchaeology-paleogeography features. Accordingly, the reliefs, geological structure, facies changes, namely sedimentary deposits and river material deposits, geomorphological features, terrace structures, and tectonism of the Diyarbakır Basin are approached and studied in their relationships with the archaeological settlements. The Tigris River and its tributaries are, with the Euphrates basin, one of the two river systems that give Mesopotamia its characters. After having drained the high reliefs forming part of the Southeastern Taurus, the Tigris traverses the Diyarbakır basin from one end to the other. Within this basin, many springs and streams provide water and environmental resources, as well as shelter, which are the first conditions of life on earth. All left-side tributaries of the Tigris river in the Diyarbakir basin, provide natural passages and routes connecting with the high plateaus in the north and lower plateaus in the South. In addition, orographic organization of the northern part of the Tigris basin, formed by mountain ranges facing the air masses from the Eastern Mediterranean and Middle Eastern (Persian) atmospheric circulations, provide conditions favoring water resources, as well as rich environmental systems (animals, plants, site effects). These conditions have attracted also human populations. This relief and associated climatic contexts produced indeed advantages for hunting, collecting, sedentarizing, taming the environment and exchanges. In addition, regional situation being the most essential advantage in terms of settlements, it is clear that, in the Ambar river basin, the process of cultural transition from hunter-gatherer groups to settled communities, also took profit from (i) the sites location extremely close to (ii) somepetrographic (obsidian) and mineral (mainly copper ) resources easily available in the orogenic belt to the North, and (iii) the proximity of forest and rich grass areas (for hunting, collecting wood etc.) within the mountainous belt. After the completion (in the frame of the GAP Project that started in the 1990’s) of several dams on the Euphrates river together with other dams accross its tributaries (the last dam accross the Euphrates was inaugurated at Karkemish on the Turkish-Syrian border in 2002), another gigantic dam (at Ilısu) was completed accross the Tigris, near the Turkish-Syrian border in 2018. Like for the Euphrates, the damming Project of the Tigris includes dams on the Southeastern Taurus Mountains and its main eastern tributaries. The dam project in Ambar was also built for irrigation purposes within this framework. In this context, salvage excavations of three Neolithic sites at Ambar village, and south of Ambar, that were to be inundated by the Ambar dam waters, started in 2018. In 2020, it was decided to start geoarchaeoolgical researches aiming at: first, defining the geographic, geomorphologic, and geologic environments that may have contributed to (i) the choice of Neolithic populations for settling at these three close localities South of the gorge from which the Ambar river flows out from the reliefs of the Taurus into the Diyarbakir basin, (ii) the development (and specialization?) of the sites, (iii) possible difficulties with the river flow regime that may have conducted to temporary abandonment, and (iv) their final abandonment. In order to be able to reconstitute such possible events recorded in the archaeological stratigraphy, it was necessary to reconstruct the topography along the river, from (i) the upper watershed of Ambar immediately south of very deep gorges where today’s Ambar village is located, and where an important Neolithic site is also present, down to (ii) where the Ambar river, through a system of stepped and embedded terraces (Neolithic sites are located), approaches the Tigris proper valley, With this aim, we performed both a series of cores at places tightly related with these three sites (from upstream to downstram: Ambar höyük, Gre Fılla höyük and Kendale Hecala höyük site). Results allow clarifying the geographic context of the settlements, the geomorphological characters of their immediate surroundings, especially the analysis of the landforms and of their evolution through time, their formation processes and impacts on human life. Our results underline the usefulness and necessity to perform, in association with archaeological excavations and projects, also studies on the geomorphological context and evolution, from basin scale to site location. The geographical conditions of the settled life, which started in the Neolithic Age in the Holocene Period, and the extent to which they affected human communities, can be brought to light by paleogeographic studies, core sampling, and geophysical studies. It is of great importance that archeology benefits from the science of geography in order to understand the environmental reconstructions of the past period.
In terms of the relationships and interactions between settlements and the natural environment, this study concerns the upper part of the Ambar River Basin and its surroundings (in the Diyarbakır-Batman plateaus north of the Tigris River). Our approach focuces on the geomorphological processes and other possible factors that produced suitable living grounds and resources, especially in terms of topography and resource suitability compared to its surroundings. Indeed, it appears that the river and the geomorphological characteristics of its basin is, together with other geographical factors (climate, relief, soil, hydrography, mobilities, underground and overground resources etc.), has been an attractive area for a long time as shown by the number of permanent settlements present in the area. However, in spite of the natural environment at the basin floor being very suitable for settlement, erosion and other environmental changes have affected the archaeological settlements connected to the river valley. According to this context, the past geographical features corresponding to past (archaeological) areas and the reasons for selecting the settlements positions are presented here on the basis of an interdisciplinary approach. The present study is one of the studies in the Diyarbakır Basin, where an interdisciplinary approach has been applied, in order to integrate as much as possible, within the archaeological researches additional approaches and sciences based on Geography (physical and human), Holocene climate and environment as factors contributing to the history and fate of the sites studied in the Ambar Stream valley system. As the Ambar Stream being one of the important tributaries of the Tigris left banks in the Diyarbakir Basin. Our approach will be based on studying physical geography context, as well as on geoarchaeology-paleogeography features. Accordingly, the reliefs, geological structure, facies changes, namely sedimentary deposits and river material deposits, geomorphological features, terrace structures, and tectonism of the Diyarbakır Basin are approached and studied in their relationships with the archaeological settlements. The Tigris River and its tributaries are, with the Euphrates basin, one of the two river systems that give Mesopotamia its characters. After having drained the high reliefs forming part of the Southeastern Taurus, the Tigris traverses the Diyarbakır basin from one end to the other. Within this basin, many springs and streams provide water and environmental resources, as well as shelter, which are the first conditions of life on earth. All left-side tributaries of the Tigris river in the Diyarbakir basin, provide natural passages and routes connecting with the high plateaus in the north and lower plateaus in the South. In addition, orographic organization of the northern part of the Tigris basin, formed by mountain ranges facing the air masses from the Eastern Mediterranean and Middle Eastern (Persian) atmospheric circulations, provide conditions favoring water resources, as well as rich environmental systems (animals, plants, site effects). These conditions have attracted also human populations. This relief and associated climatic contexts produced indeed advantages for hunting, collecting, sedentarizing, taming the environment and exchanges. In addition, regional situation being the most essential advantage in terms of settlements, it is clear that, in the Ambar river basin, the process of cultural transition from hunter-gatherer groups to settled communities, also took profit from (i) the sites location extremely close to (ii) somepetrographic (obsidian) and mineral (mainly copper ) resources easily available in the orogenic belt to the North, and (iii) the proximity of forest and rich grass areas (for hunting, collecting wood etc.) within the mountainous belt. After the completion (in the frame of the GAP Project that started in the 1990’s) of several dams on the Euphrates river together with other dams accross its tributaries (the last dam accross the Euphrates was inaugurated at Karkemish on the Turkish-Syrian border in 2002), another gigantic dam (at Ilısu) was completed accross the Tigris, near the Turkish-Syrian border in 2018. Like for the Euphrates, the damming Project of the Tigris includes dams on the Southeastern Taurus Mountains and its main eastern tributaries. The dam project in Ambar was also built for irrigation purposes within this framework. In this context, salvage excavations of three Neolithic sites at Ambar village, and south of Ambar, that were to be inundated by the Ambar dam waters, started in 2018. In 2020, it was decided to start geoarchaeoolgical researches aiming at: first, defining the geographic, geomorphologic, and geologic environments that may have contributed to (i) the choice of Neolithic populations for settling at these three close localities South of the gorge from which the Ambar river flows out from the reliefs of the Taurus into the Diyarbakir basin, (ii) the development (and specialization?) of the sites, (iii) possible difficulties with the river flow regime that may have conducted to temporary abandonment, and (iv) their final abandonment. In order to be able to reconstitute such possible events recorded in the archaeological stratigraphy, it was necessary to reconstruct the topography along the river, from (i) the upper watershed of Ambar immediately south of very deep gorges where today’s Ambar village is located, and where an important Neolithic site is also present, down to (ii) where the Ambar river, through a system of stepped and embedded terraces (Neolithic sites are located), approaches the Tigris proper valley, With this aim, we performed both a series of cores at places tightly related with these three sites (from upstream to downstram: Ambar höyük, Gre Fılla höyük and Kendale Hecala höyük site). Results allow clarifying the geographic context of the settlements, the geomorphological characters of their immediate surroundings, especially the analysis of the landforms and of their evolution through time, their formation processes and impacts on human life. Our results underline the usefulness and necessity to perform, in association with archaeological excavations and projects, also studies on the geomorphological context and evolution, from basin scale to site location. The geographical conditions of the settled life, which started in the Neolithic Age in the Holocene Period, and the extent to which they affected human communities, can be brought to light by paleogeographic studies, core sampling, and geophysical studies. It is of great importance that archeology benefits from the science of geography in order to understand the environmental reconstructions of the past period.
Açıklama
Anahtar Kelimeler
Diyarbakır Havzası, Jeomorfoloji, Jeoarkeoloji, Paleocoğrafya, Holosen, Dicle Nehri, Ambar Çayı, Diyarbakır Basin, Geomorphology, Geoarchaeology, Paleogeography, Holocene, Tigris River, Ambar Stream
Kaynak
WoS Q Değeri
Scopus Q Değeri
Cilt
Sayı
Künye
Al, A.(2023). Jeomorfolojik bulgular ışığında Diyarbakır Havzası’nın (Diyarbakır) holosen jeoarkeolojisi. (Yayınlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi). Batman Üniversitesi Lisansüstü Eğitim Enstitüsü, Batman.
