Assur askerî mimarisi (Yeni Assur Dönemi MÖ 934-612)
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Dosyalar
Tarih
2022-06-08
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Yayıncı
Batman Üniversitesi Lisansüstü Eğitim Enstitüsü
Erişim Hakkı
info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
Özet
Kıtalara hükmeden geniş bir imparatorluğun temsilcileri Assurluların, askerî mimarisi her zaman siyasi tarihin, tapınakların, sivil sarayların, yukarı kentin, seramik parçalarının, tasvirli sanat eserlerinin, küçük buluntuların ve askerî seferlerin gölgesinde kalmıştır. Assurluların yüzyıllarca Yakındoğu’nun en büyük imparatorluklarından biri olarak varlık göstermesi sadece askerî seferlerle mümkün olmamıştır. Düşmanlarına, başkentlerinin yıkılmaz, geçilmez ve erişilmez olduğunu inşa ettiği askerî mimarisiyle de kabul ettirmeyi başarmışlardır.
Assurluların askerî, siyasi, ideolojik ve ekonomik başarılarının somut görüntüsünü kudretli askerî mimarisi oluşturmaktadır. Savunma yapıları, dışarıdan bakan göz için gücün, zenginliğin, mukavemetin ve cesaretin göstergesi olan en pahalı ve anıtsal propaganda aracıdır. Aslında Assurluların kabartmalara işlediği, düşmanı zor durumda bırakan, her zaman galip gelen, yenilmez ordusu, bitmeyen askerî gücünün büyük resmini tahkim edilmiş Assur kentleri göstermektedir. Uygarlığın bu zor coğrafyada var olmasında ideolojik anlamların yüklendiği, statik ve estetik askerî mimarisinin etkisi yadsınamaz.
Ön tahkimatlar grubunda değerlendirilen dış ön sur, yarı bağlı ve bağlı iç ön surlar, savunma sisteminin bel kemiğini oluşturan ana sur için birer bariyer işlevini üstlenmiştir. Hendekler, ön tahkimatlara paralel oluşturularak birer savunma desteğine dönüştürülmüştür. Hendek (ḫirīṣu) ve ana sur arasına iç ön surlar (šalḫû) yerleştirilmiştir. Assur başkentlerinde arkeolojik olarak kanıtlanan šalḫû ve ekal māšartiler Yeni Assur Dönemi Assur askerî mimarisinin seçkin yapılarıdır. Sadece başkentlerde varlığı ispatlanan ekal māšartiler, işlevsel açıdan saray-kışla-cephanelik-depo-ahır-atölye gibi çok işlevli yapı kompleksleri özelinde değerlendirebilecek, askerî kaygılarla inşa edilen karmaşık içerikli yapılardır. Coğrafi bakımdan “Assur Çekirdeği”nin dışındaki, sınırlar ötesine yapılan askerî seferlerde farklı tip planlarına ulaşılabilen askerî kamplar (ušmannu, madāktu, karāšu), mazgal dişlerine sahiptir ve kulelerle desteklenmiş duvarlarla kuşatılmıştır.
Kentlerin dış dünyayla iletişimde kullanılan kent kapıları (abullu), kapı kuleleri, birden fazla geçişli sistem ve kilitleme mekanizmasıyla donatılmıştır. Assur kapılarına eklenen bileşenlerle birden fazla kapı tipi görülmektedir. Kapılara uygulanan önlemlerle sadece fiziksel düşmanlar için engeller oluşturulmuştur. “Kötü ruhlar ve şeytanlar” için ise apotropaik unsurlara başvurulmuştur. Assur askerî mimarisinin her öğesi; mimari, konstrüktif ve dekoratif ayrıntıların ötesinde, ideolojik anlamların da yüklendiği ve arka planında pek çok kültürel kodun bulunduğu donanımlar olarak algılanmalıdır.
The military architecture of Assyrians, representatives of a vast empire ruling over the continents, has always been overshadowed by its political history, temples, civilian palaces, upper city, pottery pieces, art objects with depictions, small findings and military expeditions. Assyrians centuries-long existence as one of the largest empires in the Near East was not merely possible with its military expeditions. They managed to convince their enemies that their capital is unbreakable and impassable also with the military architecture they built. The abstract image of Assyrians military, political, ideological and economical accomplishments is created by its mightful military architecture. The defense buildings are the most expensive and monumental mediums of propaganda, a demonstrator of power, wealth and resistance for an eye looking from the outside. In fact, fortified Assyrian cities show the greater image of the nonending military power and undefeatable, always-triumphant army that Assyrians depicted on reliefs. The impact of statical and aesthetical military architecture bearing ideological senses is incontrovertible for the existence of the civilization on this harsh geography. Outer front wall, adherent and semi adherent inner front walls that are evaluated within the group of frontal fortifications functioned as barriers for the main wall, the back bone of the defense system. The ditches positioned parallelly with frontal fortifications have been transformed into defense reinforcements. Inner front walls (šalḫû) were built between the ditch (ḫirīṣu) and the main wall. šalḫû and ekal māšarti, archaeologically proved in Assyrian capitals, are distinguished buildings of Assyrian military architecture during Neo-Assyrian period. ekal māšarti, whose existence is proved only in capitals are buildings with complex contents constructed with military concerns and can be evaluated specifically as building complexes with multi functions as palace-barrack-armory-warehouse-barn and workshop. The military camps (ušmannu, madāktu, karāšu) whose different plans are accessible in the military expeditions out of the “Assyrian Core” have merlons and are encircled by walls reinforced with towers. The city gates (abullu) used for the communication of the cities with the outer world, gate towers are equipped with multiple-pass systems and locking mechanisms. Several Assyrian gate types, different from each other with the components added, are recorded. With the cautions applied on the gates, only physical enemies have been obstructed. For “evil spirits and demons”, apotropaic elements were applied. Every part of the Assyrian military architecture should be perceived as equipment that bear ideological senses beyond architectural, constructive and decorative details as well as having many cultural codes in the background.
The military architecture of Assyrians, representatives of a vast empire ruling over the continents, has always been overshadowed by its political history, temples, civilian palaces, upper city, pottery pieces, art objects with depictions, small findings and military expeditions. Assyrians centuries-long existence as one of the largest empires in the Near East was not merely possible with its military expeditions. They managed to convince their enemies that their capital is unbreakable and impassable also with the military architecture they built. The abstract image of Assyrians military, political, ideological and economical accomplishments is created by its mightful military architecture. The defense buildings are the most expensive and monumental mediums of propaganda, a demonstrator of power, wealth and resistance for an eye looking from the outside. In fact, fortified Assyrian cities show the greater image of the nonending military power and undefeatable, always-triumphant army that Assyrians depicted on reliefs. The impact of statical and aesthetical military architecture bearing ideological senses is incontrovertible for the existence of the civilization on this harsh geography. Outer front wall, adherent and semi adherent inner front walls that are evaluated within the group of frontal fortifications functioned as barriers for the main wall, the back bone of the defense system. The ditches positioned parallelly with frontal fortifications have been transformed into defense reinforcements. Inner front walls (šalḫû) were built between the ditch (ḫirīṣu) and the main wall. šalḫû and ekal māšarti, archaeologically proved in Assyrian capitals, are distinguished buildings of Assyrian military architecture during Neo-Assyrian period. ekal māšarti, whose existence is proved only in capitals are buildings with complex contents constructed with military concerns and can be evaluated specifically as building complexes with multi functions as palace-barrack-armory-warehouse-barn and workshop. The military camps (ušmannu, madāktu, karāšu) whose different plans are accessible in the military expeditions out of the “Assyrian Core” have merlons and are encircled by walls reinforced with towers. The city gates (abullu) used for the communication of the cities with the outer world, gate towers are equipped with multiple-pass systems and locking mechanisms. Several Assyrian gate types, different from each other with the components added, are recorded. With the cautions applied on the gates, only physical enemies have been obstructed. For “evil spirits and demons”, apotropaic elements were applied. Every part of the Assyrian military architecture should be perceived as equipment that bear ideological senses beyond architectural, constructive and decorative details as well as having many cultural codes in the background.
Açıklama
Anahtar Kelimeler
Askerî Kamplar, Assurlular, Ekal Māšarti, Hendek, Surlar, Military Camps, Assyrians, Ditch, City Walls
Kaynak
WoS Q Değeri
Scopus Q Değeri
Cilt
Sayı
Künye
Günce, T. (2022). Assur askerî mimarisi (Yeni Assur Dönemi MÖ 934-612). (Yayınlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi). Batman Üniversitesi Lisansüstü Eğitim Enstitüsü, Batman.
