XVI. Yüzyılda Suriye coğrafyasında Osmanlı vergi düzeni: Hama örneği
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Tarih
2017-12
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Türk-İslam Medeniyeti Akademik Araştırmalar Dergisi
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info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 3.0 United States
Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 3.0 United States
Özet
1516 yılında Osmanlı hâkimiyetine geçen Suriye coğrafyasında, Halep
dışındaki sancaklarda, klasik Osmanlı vergi düzeni hemen uygulanmamıştır.
Devlet, bunun yerine bu coğrafyaya daha önce hâkim olan Memlûk Devleti’nin
toprak ve vergi düzenini uygulamaya devam etmiştir. Mevcut düzen Suriye
coğrafyasında yer alan Hama, Humus ve Trablusşam gibi sancaklarda yüzyılın
ortalarına kadar sürmüştür. Hama Sancağı’nda 1551 yılına kadar Anadolu ve
Rumeli coğrafyalarındaki sancaklarda görülen “çift-hane” sistemi
uygulanmamıştır. Dolayısıyla bu sistemin vergilendirme metodu olarak ortaya
çıkan resm-i çift, resm-i bennâk ve resm-i mücerred gibi kavramlar da Hama için
XVI. yüzyılın başlarında geçerli değildi.
Hama’da, XVI. yüzyılın ilk yarısında reayadan Memlûk döneminden kalan
âdet-i devre ve himâye gibi vergiler de alınmaktaydı. 1551 ve daha sonraki yıllara
ait tahrir defterlerinde ise bu vergilerin yerini resm-i çift, resm-i bennâk ve resm-i
mücerred gibi vergilerin alması, Hama Sancağı’nda bu tarihten itibaren Osmanlı
hakimiyetinin tam anlamıyla tesis edildiği sonucunu da ortaya koymaktadır.
Bu çalışma, Osmanlı Devleti’nin Hama’yı aldıktan sonra burada kendi vergi
düzenini neden hemen uygulamadığı, 1551 tarihinde vergi düzeninde ne tür
değişikliklerin olduğu, bu değişikliklerin reayayı nasıl etkilediği ve devletin bu
değişimden kazanç elde edip etmediği sorularına yanıt bulmaya çalışacaktır.
In Syrian territory, which fell under the Ottomans' Rule in 1516, Ottoman tax system was not directly applied to the provinces in the territory except for Aleppo. Instead, the government continued to apply the land-property and tax system of the Mamluks, who ruled the territory before the Ottomans. The said system was maintained in provinces, such as Hama, Homs and Tripoli of Syria (Trablusşam) in the territory until the midst of the century. The "Double-Entry" system, which was applied in Anatolia and Rumelia, could not be applied in Hama Province until 1551. In this regard, the concepts like resm-i çift, resm-i bennâk and resm-i mücerred, which occurred as a part of the "double-entry" tax system, were not applicable to Hama until the beginnings of the 16th century. Taxes like rotation tax (adet-i devre) and protection tax (himâye), being taxation systems under the rule of the Mamluks, were collected from Rayah. It is understood from the cadastral record books of 1551 and later that these taxes were replaced by taxes like resm-i çift, resm-i bennâk and resm-i mücerred. This reveals the fact that the Ottoman hegemony was entirely established in Hama Province from that date. This study tries to find answers to the following questions: ‘Why did the Ottomans not apply their own tax system to Hama directly, right after the conquest of Hama?'; ‘What were the changes in the tax system in 1551 and how did those changes influence Rayah? ‘Did the government gain profit through the mentioned change in the tax system?’.
In Syrian territory, which fell under the Ottomans' Rule in 1516, Ottoman tax system was not directly applied to the provinces in the territory except for Aleppo. Instead, the government continued to apply the land-property and tax system of the Mamluks, who ruled the territory before the Ottomans. The said system was maintained in provinces, such as Hama, Homs and Tripoli of Syria (Trablusşam) in the territory until the midst of the century. The "Double-Entry" system, which was applied in Anatolia and Rumelia, could not be applied in Hama Province until 1551. In this regard, the concepts like resm-i çift, resm-i bennâk and resm-i mücerred, which occurred as a part of the "double-entry" tax system, were not applicable to Hama until the beginnings of the 16th century. Taxes like rotation tax (adet-i devre) and protection tax (himâye), being taxation systems under the rule of the Mamluks, were collected from Rayah. It is understood from the cadastral record books of 1551 and later that these taxes were replaced by taxes like resm-i çift, resm-i bennâk and resm-i mücerred. This reveals the fact that the Ottoman hegemony was entirely established in Hama Province from that date. This study tries to find answers to the following questions: ‘Why did the Ottomans not apply their own tax system to Hama directly, right after the conquest of Hama?'; ‘What were the changes in the tax system in 1551 and how did those changes influence Rayah? ‘Did the government gain profit through the mentioned change in the tax system?’.
Açıklama
Anahtar Kelimeler
Suriye, Hama, Osmanlı Devleti, Memlûk Devleti, Vergi, Syria, Hama, Ottoman Empire, The Memlûks, Tax
Kaynak
WoS Q Değeri
Scopus Q Değeri
Cilt
Sayı
14
Künye
Nasıroğlu Aydın, M. (2017). XVI. Yüzyılda Suriye coğrafyasında Osmanlı vergi düzeni: Hama örneği. Türk-İslam Medeniyeti Akademik Araştırmalar Dergisi, (14), ss.276-292. DOI : 10.16989/TIDSAD.1408
