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    The effects of interactive applications on visitors’ experience: a case of Gobeklitepe, Turkey
    (Social Sciences Studies Journal, 2018-12) Kozbe, Gülriz; Doğan, Mustafa; Dilek, Sebahattin Emre
    The need for preservation and flexible exploration of historical artifacts generated increasing interest in using digital technologies in the cultural heritage context. This paper presents user interaction applications of a recent digital cultural heritage conservation and exploration project concerning one of the most famous heritage site “Göbeklitepe” in Turkey that is the oldest known human-made religious structure and added to the UNESCO’s World Heritage List by the year 2018 is 15 km away of northeast of the town Şanlıurfa. The project aims at enriching the visitor experience through modern digital technologies. Main modules include 3D scanning of the artifacts, information screen and mobile interaction with Augmented Reality (AR). AR has been developed to provide information about destinations and attractions. Because of the development of AR, tourists using AR can gain valuable experience without a tourist guide. There two aims of this study: 1) is to describe acceptance of a new technology such as AR and visiting intention for visitors who use AR at a heritage destination, 2) to measure tourists’ experiences of visiting historic sites. For this purpose, two scales were used for data collection. In accordance with the first aim of the study, the scale adapted by Chung, Han & Joun (2015) which is to explain visitors’ acceptance of AR based on the TAM. Secondly, Lee & Smith’s (2015) multiple-item scale was used to measure tourists’ experiences of visiting historic sites and museums. There are three dimensions in the first scale as perceived usefulness (5 items), perceived ease of use (3 items) and visit intention (2 items) visit intention (2 items) in accordance with the purpose of the study. On the other hand, the second scale involves natively 16 items under six dimensions. The findings offer important practical implications for historic sites and museums in relation to AR and experiential marketing. The findings show that the Augmented Reality applications have an important practical usefulness for the Göbeklitepe archeological site and particularly enriching of the visitor experience. The study shows that the AR applications impact on the visit intention of the visitors. The study is revealed that applications can be applied to enhance the attractiveness of the archeological sites, as Göbeklitepe, in many destinations.
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    The effect of interactive applications on visitors’ experience: a case of Gobeklitepe, Turkey
    (IGU Tourism Commission, 2018-10) Kozbe, Gülriz; Doğan, Mustafa; Dilek, Sebahattin Emre;
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    The influences of the interactive systems on museum visitors’ experience: A comparative study from Turkey
    (Journal of Tourism Intelligence and Smartness, 2019-06-28) Kozbe, Gülriz; Doğan, Mustafa; Dilek, Sebahattin Emre
    To the effect, technologically advanced interactive systems, settled in modern-day museums research new ways to offer a positive experience to the visitors and encourage them to return, using modern communication and learning tools. This paper examines user interaction applications of a recent digital cultural heritage exploration project concerning of the most popular three museums (Mardin, Şanlıurfa, Gaziantep Museums) that are located in different cities of the southeast region of Turkey. The project aims at enriching the visitor experiences through modern digital technologies. Main modules include 3D scanning of the artifacts, information screens and mobile interaction with Augmented Reality (AR). In this paper, it is explored and compared the visitor perceptions and experiences for three museums. For this purpose, two scales were used for data collection. In accordance with the first aim of the study, the scale adapted by Chung, Han & Joun (2015) which is to explain visitors’ acceptance of based on the interactive systems. Secondly, Lee & Smith’s (2015) multiple-item scale was used to measure tourists’ visiting experiences at the selected museums. Moreover, the findings explain the influences of interactive applications on visitor experiences according to the museums and comparatively. The study supports that the interactive systems provide a functional role to learn about the heritage and manifest important practical implications for museums in relation to interactive systems
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    Extraordinary burials with turtles : symbolic role of turtles ongoing thousands of years
    (IJOPEC Publication Limited, 2019-05) Kozbe, Gülriz
    Burials are the most common archaeological contexts, which were discovered as untouched and nondisturbed at the excavations. For this reason, burials provide detailed information about the burial customs, burial rituals, and most importantly belief systems of ancient human societies. Therefore, the examination of the graves gives us to some extent important data about their living and experiences. From this point of view, our inception is a burial pit uncovered at the site of Kavuşan Höyük in Diyarbakır, in the south-eastern Turkey with a minimum of 21 turtles, tortoises and terrapins together with two human skeletons dating to the 6th century BC; some burials including turtles dated to c. 10,000 BC at Körtik Tepe again in the same region and as well as other turtle burials belonging to different periods in world show that the turtles and/or tortoises have a symbolic role ongoing thousands years in terms of rituals and beliefs. In addition to being an animal used for nutrition and therapeutic purposes, sinceit is perceived as an animal that brings luck, keep away from evil and most importantly represents a long life, turtle occurs as a symbol that accompanies not only in the burials during the journey to Underworld but also during the daily life. However, we all well know that turtle shells are hanged on the walls of many houses, especially the door entrances in order to expel the evil spirit in Anatolia. The fact in hanging turtle shells is to protect “the hanging thing” or prevent them from being killed by setting up a symbolic meaning between death and the turtle shell. This is in fact a continuation of beliefs that the vital essence of life is gathered in bones and hoped that turtles will protect against sudden deaths, misfortunes or weaknesses of life. Initially sanctioned, which lasts for generations at least 12 thousand years that is known substantially by archaeological data; a practice in different regions and in different periods almost without any changes, without ever being asked “why” and perhaps without making any sense at all for new generations can be performed while today it may continue only as a “current debate” topic.
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    Characterization of an Early Bronze Age pottery group from the upper Tigris valley (Turkey) by means of spectroscopic and microscopic techniques
    (X-RAY Spectrometry, 2019-04-17) Kozbe, Gülriz; Bayazıt, Murat
    In this archaeometric research potsherds from Kavuşan Höyük (a mound located in the upper Tigris valley) representing the Metallic Ware, a diagnostic ceramic group mostly found in north Mesopotamia was characterized using spectroscopic and microscopic techniques in order to differ the imitated ones, if exist, to reveal the production technologies and compare the results with the previous archaeometric works concerning Metallic Ware. For this purpose, optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy equipped with energy dispersive spectroscopy, polarized energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence, X-ray diffraction, and micro-Raman spectroscopy were used. Two groups were specified as the calcareous “imitations” and the dominant noncalcareous ware as the real ones. The results suggested that the noncalcareous ware of Kavuşan was presumably not produced with the possible clay deposits mentioned in previous studies, which focused on the provenance investigation of a wide range of Metallic Ware samples from the upper Tigris valley. It was also concluded from the results that the calcareous imitations would presumably belong to a local (in the name of Kavuşan) or regional (the upper Tigris) production due to the geological and chemical affinities.
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    Buried with turtles: the symbolic role of the Euphrates soft-shelled turtle (Rafetus euphraticus) in Mesopotamia
    (Antiquity, 2016-02) Kozbe, Gülriz; Mashkour, Marjan; Berthon, Rémi; Erdal, Yılmaz Selim
    Excavations at Kavuşan Höyük (south-eastern Turkey) have revealed evidence of the use of turtles, tortoises and terrapins in post-Assyrian funerary practices. Of particular significance are the remains of the Euphrates soft-shelled turtle (Rafetus euphraticus), distinguished from other species of turtle by their quantity and treatment in the burial pit under investigation here. The unique finds from Kavuşan Höyük, coupled with archaeological and textual records, underline the economic and symbolic significance of these animals for communities in prehistoric and early historical Mesopotamia.
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    The Excavations in the citadel of Cizre Castle Birca Belek
    (University of Basel, 2014-06) Kozbe, Gülriz; Alp, Mesut; Erdoğan, Nihat
    The archaeological excavations in the citadel of Cizre Castle (Birca Belek) under the auspices of Mardin Museum and financial support given by Governorship of Cizre are being carried out since May 2013. Cizre, in its historical name of Jazirat ibn ‘Umar, is a district of Şırnak Province in the Southeastern region of Turkey, located at the border to Syria, just to the north-west of the Turkish-Syrian-Iraqi tripoint. It is surrounded by the Tigris from the North, East and South, which has given its name deriving from the Arabic word for island, jazira/jazeera. Cizre is always an important town all through the history since it stands as a gateway connecting South, in other words, Upper Mesopotamia to North, to highland Anatolia. Even though its significance, the castle was being used by border guards till 2010 and there was no chance to excavate the area before. After herculean efforts, it was managed to remove the modern debris left from the buildings, use and demolition of the commandery located in this area for 35 years in order to uncover the architectural remains of the citadel. The oversized walls, stone pavements mostly constructed by cobbles lying together gray or white limestone or worked stones used together with baked bricks all imply the features of a inner bailey. Besides of diagnostic Middle and Late Islamic pottery, coins and other artifacts discovered at excavations are clues for the exact date of this occupation which the city walls have been hosted during the Islamic period.
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