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Öğe Biodiesel production from inedible animal tallow and an experimental investigation of its use as alternative fuel in a direct injection diesel engine(Elsevier, 2009-02-15) Altun, Şehmus; Öner, CengizIn this study, a substitute fuel for diesel engines was produced from inedible animal tallow and its usability was investigated as pure biodiesel and its blends with petroleum diesel fuel in a diesel engine. Tallow methyl ester as biodiesel fuel was prepared by base-catalyzed transesterification of the fat with methanol in the presence of NaOH as catalyst. Fuel properties of methyl ester, diesel fuel and blends of them (5%, 20% and 50% by volume) were determined. Viscosity and density of fatty acid methyl ester have been found to meet ASTM D6751 and EN 14214 specifications. Viscosity and density of tallow methyl esters are found to be very close to that of diesel. The calorific value of biodiesel is found to be slightly lower than that of diesel. An experimental study was carried out in order to investigate of its usability as alternative fuel of tallow methyl ester in a direct injection diesel engine. It was observed that the addition of biodiesel to the diesel fuel decreases the effective efficiency of engine and increases the specific fuel consumption. This is due to the lower heating value of biodiesel compared to diesel fuel. However, the effective engine power was comparable by biodiesel compared with diesel fuel. Emissions of carbon monoxide (CO), oxides of nitrogen (NOx), sulphur dioxide (SO2) and smoke opacity were reduced around 15%, 38.5%, 72.7% and 56.8%, respectively, in case of tallow methyl esters (B100) compared to diesel fuel. Besides, the lowest CO, NOx emissions and the highest exhaust temperature were obtained for B20 among all other fuels. The reductions in exhaust emissions made tallow methyl esters and its blends, especially B20 a suitable alternative fuel for diesel and thus could help in controlling air pollution. Based on this study, animal tallow methyl esters and its blends with petroleum diesel fuel can be used a substitute for diesel in direct injection diesel engines without any engine modification.Öğe The comparison of engine performance and exhaust emission characteristics of sesame oil-diesel fuel mixture with diesel fuel in a direct injection diesel engine(Elsevier, 2008-01-09) Altun, Şehmus; Bulut, Hüsamettin; Öner, CengizThe use of vegetable oils as a fuel in diesel engines causes some problems due to their high viscosity compared with conventional diesel fuel. Various techniques and methods are used to solve the problems resulting from high viscosity. One of these techniques is fuel blending. In this study, a blend of 50% sesame oil and 50% diesel fuel was used as an alternative fuel in a direct injection diesel engine. Engine performance and exhaust emissions were investigated and compared with the ordinary diesel fuel in a diesel engine. The experimental results show that the engine power and torque of the mixture of sesame oil-diesel fuel are close to the values obtained from diesel fuel and the amounts of exhaust emissions are lower than those of diesel fuel. Hence, it is seen that blend of sesame oil and diesel fuel can be used as an alternative fuel successfully in a diesel engine without any modification and also it is an environmental friendly fuel in terms of emission parameters.Öğe Hayvansal iç yağlardan transesterifikasyon reaksiyonu ile biyodizel üretilmesi(Doğu Anadolu Bölgesi Araştırma ve Uygulama Merkezi, 2008-07-31) Altun, Şehmus; Öner, CengizHayvansal yağlar normal çevre sıcaklığında katı ve çok viskozdurlar. Yüksek viskozitelerinden dolayı dizel motorlarında kullanılmadan önce modifiye edilmeleri gerekmektedir. Hayvansal yağların dizel motorlarında kullanılabilirliliğini iyileştirmek için emülsiyon ve transesterifikasyon etkili iki yöntemdir. Bu çalışmada hayvansal iç yağlardan baz katalizörlü transesterifikasyon ile %99.7 saflıkta metil alkol ve katalizör olarak %98 saflıkta NaOH kullanılarak hayvansal iç yağı metil esteri (biyodizel) üretilmiştir. Hayvansal iç yağı, metil ester şekline dönüştükten sonra viskozitesi önemli ölçüde azalmış ve oda sıcaklığında sıvı fazında bir yakıt elde edilmiştir. Biyodizelin belirlenen yakıt özellikleri ASTM standartlarında olup, viskozitesi ve yoğunluğu dizel yakıtına yakın, ısıl değeri ise %8 daha düşük çıkmıştır.Öğe Performance and emission analysis of cottonseed oil methyl ester in a diesel engine(Elsevier, 2010-03) Aydın, Hüseyin; Bayındır, HasanIn this study, performance and emissions of cottonseed oil methyl ester in a diesel engine was experimentally investigated. For the study, cottonseed oil methyl ester (CSOME) was added to diesel fuel, numbered D2, by volume of 5%(B5), 20%(B20), 50%(B50) and 75%(B75) as well as pure CSOME (B100). Fuels were tested in a single cylinder, direct injection, air cooled diesel engine. The effects of CSOME-diesel blends on engine performance and exhaust emissions were examined at various engine speeds and full loaded engine. The effect of B5, B20, B50, B75, B100 and D2 on the engine power, engine torque, bsfc's and exhaust gasses temperature were clarified by the performance tests. The influences of blends on CO, NOx, SO2 and smoke opacity were investigated by emission tests. The experimental results showed that the use of the lower blends (B5) slightly increases the engine torque at medium and higher speeds in compression ignition engines. However, there were no significant differences in performance values of B5, B20 and diesel fuel. Also with the increase of the biodiesel in blends, the exhaust emissions were reduced. The experimental results showed that the lower contents of CSOME in the blends can partially be substituted for the diesel fuel without any modifications in diesel engines.Öğe Bir dizel motorda hint yağı biyodizeli ve dietil eter kullanımının motor performansına ve emisyonlara etkisinin araştırılması(Batman Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, 2017-12-27) Azi, Hüseyin; İşcan, BahattinEnerjiye duyulan ihtiyaç, dünyadaki hızlı nüfus artışı ve teknolojik gelişmelere bağlı olarak artmaktadır. Motorlu taşıtlardan kaynaklanan zararlı emisyonların önemli bir çevre sorunu haline gelmesi, kullanılan enerji rezervlerin yakın bir tarihte (2050) bitecek olması araştırmacıları alternatif yakıtlara yöneltmiştir. Alkoller, yağlardan elde edilen biyodizel yakıtı alternatif dizel yakıtları olarak kullanılabilmektedir. Bu çalışmada dietil eter ilaveli hint yağı biyodizeli hacimsel olarak farklı oranlarda dizel yakıtı ile karıştırılarak dizel motorunda analizi gerçekleştirilmiştir. Transesterifikasyon yöntemiyle hint yağından biyodizel elde edilmiş ve dietil eter ile hacimce %10 ve %20 oranında karışımlar hazırlanmıştır. D100, B100, D50B50, B90DEE10, B80DEE20, D45B45DEE10 ve D40B40DEE20 (%40 dizel, %40 biyodizel ve %20 dietil eter) içerdikleri yakıt oranlarına göre isimlendirilmiştir. Deneyler dört zamanlı, üç silindirli bir dizel motorunda sabit devirde ve değişken (boşta-3kw-5kw-7kw) yük şartlarında yapılmıştır. Yapılan deneysel çalışma sonucunda bu yakıtların kullanımından emisyon ve performans paremetlerindeki değişimler ortaya konulmuştur. Deneysel sonuçlara göre; dizel yakıtına oranla (analizler için referans yakıtı dizel yakıttır) tüm yüklerde özgül yakıt tüketimi%5,4 ile %29,4 oranları arasında artmıştır, ısıl verimi en yüksek yakıt hint yağı biyodizeli olmuştur, %0,3 ve %1,7 arasında değişen bir iyileşme gerçekleşmiştir. Egzoz gazı sıcaklığında düşüşler gerçekleşmiştir, kütlesel yakıt tüketimi %5,4 ile %29,3oranları arasında artmıştır. CO emisyonları yüksek çıkmıştır, CO2 emisyonları birbirine yakın değerler vermiştir. HC emisyonları artmıştır, yük arttıkça yüksek olan duman emisyonları azalmıştır. Yük arttıkça NOxemisyon değerleri artmıştır.Öğe Effect of ethanol blending with biodiesel on engine performance and exhaust emissions in a CI engine(Elsevier, 2010-02-02) Aydın, Hüseyin; İlkılıç, CumaliThe use of biodiesel as an alternative diesel engine fuel is increasing rapidly. However, due to technical deficiencies, they are rarely used purely or with high percentages in unmodified diesel engines. Therefore, in this study, we used ethanol as an additive to research the possible use of higher percentages of biodiesel in an unmodified diesel engine. Commercial diesel fuel, 20% biodiesel and 80% diesel fuel, called here as B20, and 80% biodiesel and 20% ethanol, called here as BE20, were used in a single cylinder, four strokes direct injection diesel engine. The effect of test fuels on engine torque, power, brake specific fuel consumption, brake thermal efficiency, exhaust gas temperature, and CO, CO2, NOx and SO2 emissions was investigated. The experimental results showed that the performance of CI engine was improved with the use of the BE20 especially in comparison to B20. Besides, the exhaust emissions for BE20 were fairly reduced.Öğe Emissions from an engine fueled with biodiesel-kerosene blends(Taylor & Francis, 2011-01) Aydın, Hüseyin; Bayındır, Hasan; İlkılıç, CumaliBiofuels are renewable energy sources for internal combustion engines and they have low emissions. They are increasingly used as an alternative to petroleum fuels. In this work, three different fuel types, such as commercial diesel fuel (D2), 20% biodiesel and 80% diesel fuel called here as B20, and 80% biodiesel and 20% kerosene, called here as BK20, were used in a single cylinder, four stroke, direct injection compression ignition engine. Kerosene was used as an additive to approach the properties of biodiesel to D2. The effects of the blends on CO, NOx, and smoke emissions as well as on some of the performance parameter of the engine were investigated. The prepared fuel, BK20 blend, has almost the same fuel properties as conventional diesel fuel. The experimental results showed that the exhaust emissions for BK20 were fairly reduced as compared to diesel fuel as well as B20. Besides, the performance of CI engine was improved with the use of the BK20, especially in comparison to B20. Results suggest that the BK20 can be substituted to the petroleum-based diesel fuel in diesel engines.Öğe Using gasoline-like fuel obtained from waste automobile tires in a spark-ignited engine(Taylor & Francis, 2014-05-01) Altun, Şehmus; Varol, Yasin; Öztop, Hakan Fehmi; Fırat, MüjdatAn experimental study on performance and exhaust emission of a spark-ignited engine fueled by gasoline-like fuel obtained from waste automobile tires using the prolysis process was performed in this study. Gasoline-like fuel has a higher octane number than unleaded gasoline; however, it has higher in viscosity in comparison to unleaded gasoline, which limited the use of gasoline-like fuel in neat form. Therefore, gasoline-like fuel was blended with unleaded gasoline from 0% to 100% with an increment of 10%, volumetrically. Obtained blends were then used in a spark-ignited engine. It was observed that the test engine was normally run up to blended fuel containing gasoline-like fuel of 60%. It is concluded that gasoline-like fuel can be partially substituted for the gasoline fuel up to 60% in blended form in terms of performance parameters and emissions without any engine modification.Öğe Bütanol katkısının bir dizel motorda yakıt olarak biyodizel kullanımına etkilerinin deneysel araştırılması(Batman Üniversitesi, 2017) Çelebi, Yahya; Aydın, HüseyinArtan enerji ihtiyacı ile birlikte fosil yakıtların rezervleri hızla tükenmekte olduğundan içten yanmalı motorlarda kullanılabilecek alternatif yakıtlar ile ilgili çalışmalar yapılmaktadır. Alkollerden ve yağlardan elde edilen biyodizel yakıtı alternatif dizel yakıtları olarak kullanılabilmektedir. Bu çalışmada bütanol ilaveli aspir biyodizeli hacimsel olarak farklı oranlarda dizel yakıtı ile karıştırılarak bir dizel motorunda analizi gerçekleştirilmiştir. Transesterifikasyon yöntemiyle aspir yağından biyodizel elde edilmiş ve bütanol ile hacimce %10 ve %20 oranında karışımlar hazırlanmıştır. Deneyler dört zamanlı, dört silindirli bir dizel motorunda sabit devirde ve sabit yük şartlarında yapılmıştır. Yapılan deneysel çalışma sonucunda bu yakıtların kullanımından emisyon, performans ve yanma paremetlerindeki değişimler ortaya konmuştur. Bu sonuçlara göre; toplam ısı transferi, kütlesel yanma oranı ve vuruntu değerlerinde önemsiz ölçüde değişimler meydana gelmiş, silindir basıncı, ısı salınım oranı, ortalama gaz sıcaklığı ve yanma hızı değerlerinde olumsuzluklar gerçekleşmiştir. Üçlü yakıtların emisyonlarında azalmalar oluşmuş ve verimde %1,5'e kadar iyileşme gerçekleşmiştir. Bununla birlikte kütlesel yakıt tüketiminde %6'ya kadar ve özgül yakıt tüketiminde ise %5'e kadar artış olmuştur. Diğer yakıtların emisyon, yakıt tüketimi ve veriminde olumsuz etkiler gözlemlenmemiştir.Öğe An experimental study on the exhaust emissions of a partially loaded compressed ignition engine fueled with biodiesel derived from cottonseed oil(Taylor & Francis, 2010-01) Aydın, Hüseyin; Bayındır, HasanThe world energy demand is increasing rapidly due to the excessive use of the fuels but because of limited reserves, the researchers are now looking for alternative fuels. Another serious problem associated with the use of petroleum fuel is the increase in pollutants emissions. In this study, cottonseed oil methyl ester was added to diesel fuel by volume of 5% (B5), 20% (B20), and 50% (B50). Blends were used in a single cylinder, direct injection, air-cooled diesel engine at partial and full load condition. In experiments, the effects of cottonseed oil methyl ester ester-diesel fuel blend on the engine fuel consumption and exhaust emissions were investigated at 2,000 rpm of engine speed that most engines run on. At the tests, the effect of blends on fuel consumption, exhaust gases temperature, CO, NOx, SO2, and smoke opacity was clarified. The experimental results showed that cottonseed oil methyl ester can be substituted for the diesel fuel without any modifications in diesel engines.
