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Öğe The fuel properties of methyl esters produced from canola oil- animal tallow blends by basecatalyzed transesterification(Kırıkkale Üniversitesi, 2010-06) Altun, Şehmus; Yaşar, Fevzi; Öner, CengizBiodiesel is an alternative diesel fuel that can be produced from renewable feedstocks such as vegetable oil or animal fats by transesterification with methanol for using in diesel engines. The viscosity and density of biodiesel fuels are important parameters due to being key fuel properties for injection and combustion process of diesel engines. These fuel properties mainly depend on the feedstock which is used in the biodiesel production. In this study, the blends containing 0, 25, 50, 75 and 100% of food-grade canola oil/inedible animal tallow in volume basis were prepared and converted into methyl esters by base-catalyzed transesterification. Effect of inedible animal tallow-canola oil blends on the viscosity and density of methyl esters were investigated. Experimental results showed that the kinematics viscosity of methyl esters increased as animal tallow ratio increased in the feedstock. Besides, it was observed that density did not change muchÖğe Biodiesel properties of microalgae (Chlorella protothecoides) oil for use in diesel engines(Taylor & Francis, 2018-09-08) Yaşar, Fevzi; Altun, ŞehmusIn this study, biodiesel was produced from a microalgae oil, chlorella protothecoides, by typical alkali-catalyzed transesterification in conditions such as a 0.75 wt.% KOH of the oil as catalyst, 68°C and 80 min which was agreed as optimal conditions after investigating the effect of KOH concentration, reaction temperature and time at constant molar ratio of 6:1 on the conversion rate and fuel properties. Under these conditions, a 98.6% conversion rate of algae oil to its methyl ester was achieved with ester content higher than 96%. Furthermore, all physicochemical properties met the requirements of international biodiesel standards, EN 14214 and ASTM D 6751, with some remarkable ones such as high cetane number (57.3) and low CFPP (−10°C). The effect of microalgae biodiesel volume fraction in the fuel on the kinematic viscosity, CFPP, lubricity, density, and distillation temperature was also studied. A blending ratio of the algal-biodiesel up to 50% (v/v) was also found in agreement with the standards for biodiesel-diesel blends. From GC analysis, oleic and linoleic acids were found to be major fatty acids, and then the oxygen extended sooting index and adiabatic flame temperature were calculated using fatty acid distribution for evaluating the main diesel emissions such as soot and NO. As a result, the algae oil studied here was found to be an appropriate raw material for producing biodiesel and for using in Diesel Engines and its properties are within the typical ranges of conventional biodiesel fuels.Öğe Biodiesel production from raw cottonseed oil and its characterization(Energy Education Science and Technolgy Part A, 2011-07) Altun, Şehmus; Yaşar, Fevzi; Öner, CengizIn this study, raw cottonseed oil of Turkish origin was transesterified using methyl alcohol and an alkali catalyst to obtain the cottonseed oil methyl ester. The obtained cottonseed oil methyl ester was analyzed by gas chromatography (GC) for determining the fatty acid composition. The fuel-related properties of cottonseed oil methyl ester, cold filter plugging point, cloud point, kinematic viscosity, density, cetane index, flash point, distillation, sulfur content and heating value were determined and compared with those of petroleum diesel fuel and international biodiesel standards. From gas chromatograph analysis, it was found that the cottonseed oil methyl ester has the more amount of total unsaturated FA, therefore, it showed better cold-flow properties than more saturated ones, as expected. Moreover, the fuel-related properties of cottonseed oil methyl ester were within the specified standardsÖğe Fuel properties of biodiesels produced from blends of canola oil and animal tallow(SILA SCIENCE, 2011-04) Adin, Hamit; Altun, Şehmus; Yaşar, FevziBiodiesel is an alternative diesel fuel that can be produced from renewable feedstocks such as vegetable oil or animal fats by transesterification with methanol for using in diesel engines. The viscosity and density of biodiesel fuels are important parameters due to being key fuel properties for injection and combustion process of diesel engines. These fuel properties mainly depend on the feedstock which is used in the biodiesel production. Also, lubricity is an important for diesel engine fuels due to the fuel injection systems are lubricated by the fuel itself. In this study, the blends containing 0, 25, 50, 75 and 100% of food-grade canola oil/inedible animal tallow in volume basis were prepared and converted into methyl esters by base-catalyzed transesterification. Effect of canola oil ration in the feedstock on the viscosity, density and lubricity were investigated. Lubricity was determined using the high-frequency reciprocating rig (HFRR) test. Experimental results showed that the kinematics viscosity of increased as animal tallow ratio increased in the feedstock, as animal tallow itself is more viscous than canola oil. Also, density did not change much when blended feedstocks were used. Besides, it was observed that lubricity of biodiesel fuels from blended feedstocks was slightly get worse compared with pure biodiesels.Öğe Properties and emission indicators of biodiesel fuels obtained from waste oils from the Turkish industry(Elsevier, 2014-03-14) Altun, Şehmus; Lapuerta, MagínThree waste oils from traditional manufacturing industries in Turkey, such as leather fat, obtained as a by-product in the leather industry, waste anchovy fish oil, derived from the fish-processing industry, and waste frying cottonseed oil from food industry, have been evaluated as alternative raw materials for biodiesel production, with potentially low life-cycle greenhouse emissions. Measured properties such as heating value, density, viscosity, flash point, acidity and cold flow properties, showed that the obtained biodiesel fuels fulfilled both the European and American quality standards and could be used to partially replace petroleum diesel in automotive engines. From gas chromatography analysis, detailed fatty acid profile was obtained, which permitted the application of group contribution methods for the estimation of thermodynamic properties (critical parameters, acentric factor) and thermochemical properties (enthalpies of vaporization and formation). This information was useful to calculate some indicators related to the most important diesel engine emissions, such as soot (main component of particulate matter) and nitric oxide emissions. Soot indicators reveal significant reduction potential with respect to fossil diesel fuels, and, among the studied biodiesel fuels, soot emissions would be lowest for the most saturated and shortest carbon-chain length biodiesel fuel. Adiabatic flame temperature, selected as the main nitric oxide emission indicator, shows small differences among the studied biofuels. Both the properties and emission indicators of the biodiesel fuels studied are within the typical ranges of other conventional biodiesel fuels.Öğe Fuel properties of biodiesels produced from different feedstocks(Energy Education Science and Technolgy Part A, 2011) Altun, ŞehmusBio diesel is an oxygenated diesel fuel obtained from vegetable oils or animal fats via transesterification reaction. The fuel properties such as viscosity, density, cetane number and heating value are very important for determining the suitability of bio diesel as a diesel engine fuel. These fuel properties mainly depend on the feedstock which is used in the bio diesel production. In this study, the effect of bio diesels produced from different feed stocks such as inedible animal tallow, crude canola oil and canola oil blended with animal tallow on the fuel properties were experimentally investigated. Bio diesel fuels and their blends with petroluem diesel fuel were compared with petroleum diesel (petrodiesel). The results showed that the viscosity and density of all the methyl esters were higher than that of petrodiesel, while the heating values of the methyl esters was lower. Besides, the viscosity and the density of methyl esters are within the bio diesel standards, except for animal tallow methyl ester and it was slightly out of the specification EN 14214. Animal tallow bio diesel has the highest cetane number than those of other fuels include petrodiesel. It is concluded that bio diesels and their blends with petrodiesel have suitable fuel properties, especially cetane numbers, for diesel combustion process.Öğe Biodiesel production from raw cottonseed oil and its performance in a diesel engine(Technology, 2011) Adin, Hamit; Yaşar, Fevzi; Öner, Cengiz; Altun, ŞehmusIn this experimental work, raw cottonseed oil was converted by KOH-catalyzed transesterification reaction with methyl alcohol to the cottonseed oil methyl ester (biodiesel) and then tested in a single cylinder, four strokes and direct injection diesel engine at the constant engine speed (2000 rpm) under different engine loads. The composition and the fuel-related properties of produced biodiesel were determined by using gas chromatography (GC) and related instruments. An increase in brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC) and decrease in brake thermal efficiency (BTE) for fuel blends were observed compared with diesel fuel. Compared with diesel fuel, exhaust emissions were found to be lower in carbon monoxide, hydrocarbon, nitrogen oxides and smoke with the use of fuel blends. It was concluded that cottonseed oil methyl esterdiesel fuel blends could be substituted for the diesel fuel without any modifications in diesel engines, with better environmental characteristics of fuel blends.
