Hasankeyf büyük saray kazılarında (2017) ele geçen cam buluntuların arkeometrik karakterizasyonu
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Tarih
2022-06-13
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Yayıncı
Batman Üniversitesi Lisansüstü Eğitim Enstitüsü
Erişim Hakkı
info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
Özet
Arkeolojik kazılarda ele geçen buluntuların kimyasal, mineralojik, fiziksel ve mikroskobik incelemelerini içeren arkeometri geçmiş uygarlıkların malzeme üretim teknolojilerine ilişkin önemli bilgiler sağlamaktadır. Bu tür çalışmalar aynı ya da benzer döneme ait birçok buluntunun üretim özellikleri ile ilgili olarak literatüre önemli katkılarda bulunmaktadır. Bu çerçevede, arkeometrinin camlar üzerinde de geniş inceleme ve araştırma olanağı sunduğu bilinmektedir. Buradan yola çıkarak, mevcut tez çalışmasında 2017 yılında Hasankeyf Büyük Saray’da yapılan arkeolojik kazılarda ele geçen ve İslami döneme ait olduğu düşünülen amorf cam buluntuların arkeometrik olarak incelenmesi gerçekleştirilmiştir. Bu amaçla, cam örnekler için portatif X-ışını floresans (p-XRF), polarize enerji saçınımlı X-ışını floresans (PED-XRF) ve taramalı elektron mikroskobu (SEM)/enerji saçınımlı X-ışınları spektrometresi (EDX) yöntemleri tercih edilmiştir. Portatif XRF ve PED-XRF ile majör, minör ve eser elementlerin belirlenmesi, SEM-EDX ile mikro yapısal ve mikro kimyasal özelliklerin ortaya çıkarılması amaçlanmıştır.
Elde edilen verilere göre camların başlıca Na2O, K2O, CaO, MgO, SiO2 ve Al2O3 içerikli hammaddelerden üretildiği belirlenmiştir. Oksit içerikleri dikkate alınarak yapılan hiyerarşik kümeleme analizinde camların iki ana gruba ayrıldığı ve her birinde alt grupların yer aldığı belirlenmiştir. HC-9b ve HC-10b numunelerinin gerek hiyerarşik kümeleme analizi gerek üçlü diyagram analizinde diğerlerinden tamamen ayrıştığı görülmüş, dolayısıyla bu örneklerin yerel üretime ait olmadığı veya üretimlerinde farklı hammadde kaynaklarından faydalanılmış olabileceği öngörülmüştür. Camlardaki eser elementlere bakıldığında özellikle Cu, Co, Mn, Fe ve Pb elementlerinin renk oluşumlarında etken olduğu saptanmıştır. Camların kimyasal kompozisyonları, hammadde bakımından en az iki alternatifin olduğuna ve örneklerin soda-kireç-silis camı olduğuna işaret etmiştir. Numunelerdeki Sr ve Zr içerikleri dikkate alınarak camların çoğunlukla denizel+karasal veya denizel kökenli hammaddelerden üretildiği, daha az sayıdaki bazı camların ise sadece karasal hammadde içerdiği tespit edilmiştir. Birkaç örnekteki görece yüksek potasyum içeriği bu tip camlarda potas kaynağı olarak bitkisel ilaveler olabileceğini göstermiştir (bitki külleri vb.). PED-XRF verilerinde ortalama SiO2 oranının yüksek olması (% 63,48) ve ortalama K2O oranının düşük olması (%2,36) örnek setindeki çoğu camın atmosferik korozyon direncinin, kimyasal kararlılığının ve dolayısıyla cam kalitesinin genel itibariyle yüksek olduğuna işaret etmiştir. Kurşun, bakır ve antimon içeriklerine bakıldığında bazı örneklerde geri dönüşüm camlarının kullanıldığı düşünülmektedir.
Archaeometry, which includes chemical, mineralogical, physical and microscopic examinations of the finds found in archaeological excavations, provides important information regarding the material production technologies of the past civilizations. Such studies make important contributions to the literature regarding the production characteristics of many finds belonging to the same or similar period. In this context, it is known that archaeometry offers a wide range of examination and research opportunities on glass. From this point of view, in the present thesis, an archaeometric examination has been carried out for the amorphous glass finds (thought to belong to the Islamic period) unearthed in Hasankeyf Büyük Saray (Grand Palace) archaeological excavations (2017). For this purpose, portable X-ray fluorescence (p-XRF), polarized energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence (PED-XRF) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM)/energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry (EDX) methods were preferred for the glass samples. It is aimed to determine the major, minor and trace elements with portable XRF and PED-XRF, and to reveal the micro structural and micro chemical properties with SEM-EDX. According to the data obtained, it was determined that the glasses were mainly produced from raw materials containing Na2O, K2O, CaO, MgO, SiO2 and Al2O3. In the hierarchical clustering analysis made by considering the oxide contents, it is determined that the glasses are divided into two main groups and each of them has subgroups. It was observed that the samples of HC-9b and HC-10b were completely differentiated from the others in both the hierarchical clustering analysis and the triple diagram analysis, therefore, it was anticipated that these samples would not belong to local production, or different raw material sources may have been used in their production. When the trace elements in the glasses were examined, it was determined that especially Cu, Co, Mn, Fe and Pb elements would have been effective in the formation of the colors. The chemical composition distributions of the glasses indicated that there were at least two alternatives in terms of the raw materials and the samples were mostly soda-lime-silica glass. Considering the Sr and Zr contents in the samples, it has been determined that the glasses are mostly produced from marine+terrestrial or marine origin raw materials, and some glasses in fewer numbers contain only terrestrial raw materials. The relatively high potassium content in few samples indicated that such samples may contain vegetal supplements as a source of potash (plant ashes etc.). The high mean values of SiO2 ratio (63.48 % wt.) and low mean of K2O ratio (2.36% wt.) seen in PED-XRF data indicated that most of the glasses in the sample set had high atmospheric corrosion resistance, high chemical stability, and therefore high glass quality in general. Considering the lead, copper and antimony contents, it can be assumed that recycling glasses may have been used in some samples.
Archaeometry, which includes chemical, mineralogical, physical and microscopic examinations of the finds found in archaeological excavations, provides important information regarding the material production technologies of the past civilizations. Such studies make important contributions to the literature regarding the production characteristics of many finds belonging to the same or similar period. In this context, it is known that archaeometry offers a wide range of examination and research opportunities on glass. From this point of view, in the present thesis, an archaeometric examination has been carried out for the amorphous glass finds (thought to belong to the Islamic period) unearthed in Hasankeyf Büyük Saray (Grand Palace) archaeological excavations (2017). For this purpose, portable X-ray fluorescence (p-XRF), polarized energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence (PED-XRF) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM)/energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry (EDX) methods were preferred for the glass samples. It is aimed to determine the major, minor and trace elements with portable XRF and PED-XRF, and to reveal the micro structural and micro chemical properties with SEM-EDX. According to the data obtained, it was determined that the glasses were mainly produced from raw materials containing Na2O, K2O, CaO, MgO, SiO2 and Al2O3. In the hierarchical clustering analysis made by considering the oxide contents, it is determined that the glasses are divided into two main groups and each of them has subgroups. It was observed that the samples of HC-9b and HC-10b were completely differentiated from the others in both the hierarchical clustering analysis and the triple diagram analysis, therefore, it was anticipated that these samples would not belong to local production, or different raw material sources may have been used in their production. When the trace elements in the glasses were examined, it was determined that especially Cu, Co, Mn, Fe and Pb elements would have been effective in the formation of the colors. The chemical composition distributions of the glasses indicated that there were at least two alternatives in terms of the raw materials and the samples were mostly soda-lime-silica glass. Considering the Sr and Zr contents in the samples, it has been determined that the glasses are mostly produced from marine+terrestrial or marine origin raw materials, and some glasses in fewer numbers contain only terrestrial raw materials. The relatively high potassium content in few samples indicated that such samples may contain vegetal supplements as a source of potash (plant ashes etc.). The high mean values of SiO2 ratio (63.48 % wt.) and low mean of K2O ratio (2.36% wt.) seen in PED-XRF data indicated that most of the glasses in the sample set had high atmospheric corrosion resistance, high chemical stability, and therefore high glass quality in general. Considering the lead, copper and antimony contents, it can be assumed that recycling glasses may have been used in some samples.
Açıklama
Bu tez çalışması Batman Üniversitesi, Bilimsel Araştırma Projeleri (BAP) tarafından BTÜBAP-2021-YL-05 nolu proje ile desteklenmiştir.
Anahtar Kelimeler
Cam Analizi, Cam Karakterizasyonu, Hasankeyf, SEM-EDX, XRF, Glass Analysis, Glass Characterization
Kaynak
WoS Q Değeri
Scopus Q Değeri
Cilt
Sayı
Künye
Yalçın, Y. (2022). Hasankeyf büyük saray kazılarında (2017) ele geçen cam buluntuların arkeometrik karakterizasyonu. (Yayınlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi). Batman Üniversitesi Lisansüstü Eğitim Enstitüsü, Batman.
