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Öğe Dijital eğitimde eşitsizlikler : Kırsal-kentsel ayrımlar ve sosyoekonomik farklılaşmalar(İnsan ve Toplum / The Journal of Humanity and Society, 2020-12) Nerse, SerdarGelir ve ekonomi temelli eşitsizliklerin yanı sıra toplumu doğrudan etkileyen “sosyal eşitsizlikler” de yeterince anlaşılamamıştır. Bu nedenle farklı bileşenlerle eşitsizlikler en iyi ihtimalle ölçülmekte ve incelenmektedir. Sosyal eşitsizlik; yeni durum, olay ve sorunların gelişmesi nedeniyle göreceli olarak bir dizi yeni boyut, beklenti ve sonuç ortaya çıkarmaktadır. Küresel ve ulusal ölçekte yaşanan yeni gelişme, genişleme ve daralmalar, eğitimde eşitsizliğin tekrar tartışılması gerektiğini ortaya çıkarmıştır. Bu çalışmada da kırsal-kentsel ayrımlar ile sosyoekonomik farklılaşmalar temelinde Covid-19 salgını sürecinde dijital eğitimde ortaya çıkan eşitsizlikler incelenmiştir. Bu iki ayrıma bağlı olarak salgın sürecinde evde uzaktan eğitime katılmaya çalışan üniversite öğrencilerinin dijital medya, internet, bilgi ve iletişim teknolojilerine (DİB) erişim ve kullanımlarındaki eşitsizliklerin ortaya çıkarılması amaçlanmıştır. Yaş, cinsiyet, ikamet yeri, okuduğu sınıf ve sosyoekonomik statüsüne göre 3 ayrı üniversiteden seçilen toplam 16 öğrenci araştırmaya dâhil edilmiştir. Nitel yöntemin uygulandığı araştırmada, veriler, derinlemesine görüşmelerle elde edilmiştir. Görüşme verileri, Maxqda nitel veri analiz programıyla kategorileştirilmiş ve temalara dönüştürülmüştür. Açık, eksenel ve seçici kodlama neticesinde birleştirilen kategori ve temalar görselleştirilmiştir. Katılımcıların bireysel ve aile özellikleri, okulların çevresi ve mali kaynak durumları, kalkınma, özgürleşme, kültürlenme faktörleri etkileşimli şekilde eşitsizliği ortaya çıkarıcı etkiye sahip olduğu gibi dijital eğitim eşitsizliğinde kırsal-kentsel ayrım ve sosyoekonomik farklılaşmaların belirgin olduğu görülmektedir.Öğe Investigation of plasma arc cutting parameters with type-2 fuzzy set and system(De Gruyter, 2013-10) Çelik, Yahya Hışman; Özek, Cebeli; Bulut Özek, MüzeyyenThe objective of the present study was it to design a type-2 fuzzy set and system in order to predict surface roughness and hardness depending on the parameters (material thickness, cutting speed, arc voltage and current) of the plasma arc cutting process of S235JR sheet materials. Therefore, some experimental studies were conducted. The experimentally determined data were used to describe the type-2 fuzzy set and system. Type-2 fuzzy set and system was found to be usefull to predict surface roughnes and hardness. According to the obtained values, the best surface roughness and the values closest to the hardness of the raw material were obtained at 1500 mm/min cutting speed, 8 mm material thickness, 115 V arc voltage and 80 A current.Öğe An exergy analysis of a concentric tube heat exchanger using hBN-water nanofluids(Inder Science Publishers, 2021) Budak Ziyadanoğulları, Neşe; Perçin, SüleymanThis study investigated the effects of using nanofluids prepared with hexagonal boron nitride (hBN) nanoparticles on the thermal performance and pressure drop of a concentric tube heat exchanger. Experiments were carried out with water-hBN nanofluids for stable, dispersed, 0.01%, 0.1% and 1% volume concentrations, at different flow rates and Reynolds numbers under parallel and counter-flow conditions. When the experimental results were examined, the exergy loss was higher in the parallel-flow heat exchanger compared to the counter-flow heat exchanger. The highest exergy loss value was obtained for distilled water at the highest Reynolds number (Re = 8,700) for parallel flow operation at 170 W. The exergy loss of water at the highest Reynolds number (Re = 8,700) for parallel flow operation increased by 15.7%, 24.8% and 49.8% for hBN-water concentrations of 0.01%, 0.1% and 1%, respectively. Exergy loss of water at the highest Reynold number (Re = 8,700) for counter flow operation increased by 11.3%, 17.3% and 29.2% for hBN-water concentrations of 0.01%, 0.1% and 1%, respectively. When evaluating the exergy analysis of the system, exergy losses due to pressure drops were negligible for both flows (parallel and counter).Öğe Taming the late Quaternary phylogeography of the Eurasiatic wild ass through ancient and modern DNA(PLoS One, 2017-04-19) Gündem, Can Yumni; Bennett, E Andrew; Champlot, Sophie; Peters, Joris; Arbuckle, Benjamin S; Guimaraes, Silvia; Pruvos, Mlanie; David, Shirli Bar; Davis, Simon J M; Gautier, Mathieu; Kaczensky, Petra; Kuehn, Ralph; Mashkour, Marjan; Morales, Arturo; Muiz, Morales; Pucher, Erich; Tournepiche, Jean François; Uerpmann, HansPeter; Blşescu, Adrian; Germonpr, Mietje; Moull, Pierre Elie; Ötzan, Aliye; Walzer, Chris; Grange, Thierry; Geigl, Eva MariaTaxonomic over-splitting of extinct or endangered taxa, due to an incomplete knowledge of both skeletal morphological variability and the geographical ranges of past populations, continues to confuse the link between isolated extant populations and their ancestors. This is particularly problematic with the genus Equus. To more reliably determine the evolution and phylogeographic history of the endangered Asiatic wild ass, we studied the genetic diversity and inter-relationships of both extinct and extant populations over the last 100,000 years, including samples throughout its previous range from Western Europe to Southwest and East Asia. Using 229 bp of the mitochondrial hypervariable region, an approach which allowed the inclusion of information from extremely poorly preserved ancient samples, we classify all non-African wild asses into eleven clades that show a clear phylogeographic structure revealing their phylogenetic history. This study places the extinct European wild ass, E. hydruntinus, the phylogeny of which has been debated since the end of the 19th century, into its phylogenetic context within the Asiatic wild asses and reveals recent mitochondrial introgression between populations currently regarded as separate species. The phylogeographic organization of clades resulting from these efforts can be used not only to improve future taxonomic determination of a poorly characterized group of equids, but also to identify historic ranges, interbreeding events between various populations, and the impact of ancient climatic changes. In addition, appropriately placing extant relict populations into a broader phylogeographic and genetic context can better inform ongoing conservation strategies for this highly-endangered species.Öğe A novel approach for spam email detection based on shifted binary patterns(Wiley-Blackwell, 2016-01-11) Kaya, Yılmaz; Ertuğrul, Ömer FarukAdvances in communication allow people flexibility to communicate in various ways. Electronic mail (email) is one of the most used communication methods for personal or business purposes. However, it brings one of the most tackling issues, called spam email, which also raises concerns about data safety. Thus, the requirement of detecting spams is crucial for keeping the users safe and saving them from the waste of time while tackling those issues. In this study, an effective approach based on the probability of the usage of the characters that has similar orders with respect to their UTF-8 value by employing shifted one-dimensional local binary pattern (shifted-1D-LBP) was used to extract quantitative features from emails for spam email detection. Shifted-1D-LBP, which can be described as an ordered set of binary comparisons of the center value with its neighboring values, is a content-based approach to spam detection with low-level information. To validate the performance of the proposed approach, three benchmark corpora, Spamassasian, Ling-Spam, and TREC email corpuses, were used. The average classification accuracies of the proposed approach were 92.34%, 92.57%, and 95.15%, respectively. Analysis and promising experimental results indicated that the proposed approach was a very competitive feature extraction method in spam email filtering.Öğe Türkistan’dan Tunceli’ye kurban inancı(Geleneksel Yayıncılık, 2017) Arslan, YusufToplumdan topluma kurbana yüklenen anlam, kurban kesim şekli, kurban sunuları değişiklik gösterse de, çoğunlukla her dinde ve gelenekte kurban, günahlardan arınma, tövbe, şükür gibi amaçlarla yapılmaktadır. 4000 yıllık bir tarihe sahip olan Türklerin gelenekleri incelendiğinde, kurban kesme ritüelinin eskiden beri sürdürüldüğü anlaşılmaktadır. İslamiyet’e dâhil olduktan sonra Türklerin kurban ritüellerinde bazı değişimler yaşanmıştır. Bazı ritüeller uygulamadan kalkarken bazıları yaşatılmıştır. Örneğin, eski Türklerde kurbanların başında gelen at, İslamiyet ile birlikte yerini koç, koyun, keçi, sığır gibi hayvanlara bırakmış ve at kurban etme geleneği unutulmuştur. Bununla birlikte, Şaman ayinlerinde kurban kesilmesi, mum yakılması geleneğinin Alevilerin cem ritüeli vesilesiyle olduğu gibi yaşatıldığı görülmektedir. Günümüzde, Aleviler arasında, eski Türk gelenek, görenek ve dinine ait motifler canlı şekilde izlenebilmektedir. Örneğin, Aleviler İslam’ı benimsemiş olmalarına karşın, İslam ile beraber eski Türklerin şaman/kam inancı, kopuz eşliğinde ibadet etme, sema, kadın/erkek bir arada ibadet etme, atalar kültü, dağ, ağaç ve nehirlere kutsallık atfetme biçimindeki inançlarını terk etmemişlerdir. İbadet dillerini de olduğu şekliyle, yani Türkçe olarak korumuşlardır. Alevilerin kurban ritüelleri, kimi değişimlere uğramışsa da, eski Türklerdeki birçok ritüeli bünyesinde korumuştur ve Aleviler yüzyıllardır eski Türk geleneklerindeki şekliyle kurbanlarını kesmişlerdir. Bu makalede, eski Türklerdeki kurban ritüelleriyle Tunceli Alevilerinin halk inançlarındaki kurban ritüeli karşılaştırılmış, benzerliklerin tespitine çalışılmıştır. Araştırma, nitel araştırma yöntemine göre gerçekleştirilmiştir. Araştırmanın verileri, 2015-2016 yıllarında Tunceli ve ilçelerinde, ziyaret yerlerinde yapılan yüz yüze mülakatlardan elde edilmiştir. Toplam görüşmeci sayısı sekiz olup görüşmeciler Tunceli il nüfusuna kayıtlıdır. Araştırmanın verileri, eski Türklerin kurban pratikleri ile Tunceli Alevilerinin kurban pratiklerinin dayandığı ortak bir geleneksel temel yapı olduğunu göstermiştir. Bir başka ifadeyle, Alevilerin kurban sunu/sungusu pratiklerinde, eski Türk geleneklerinin önemli oranda korunmuş olduğu anlaşılmıştır.Öğe PID controller design for controlling integrating processes with dead time using generalized stability boundary locus(IFAC Secretariat, 2018) Atiç, Serdal; Çökmez, Erdal; Peker, Fuat; Kaya, İbrahimThis paper proposes a method so that all PID controller tuning parameters, which are satisfying stability of any integrating time delay processes, can be calculated by forming the stability boundary loci. Processes having a higher order transfer function must first be modeled by an integrating plus first order plus dead time (IFOPDT) transfer function in order to apply the method. Later, IFOPDT process transfer function and the controller transfer function are converted to normalized forms to obtain the stability boundary locus in (KKcT, KKc(T2 / Ti)), (KKcT, KKcTd) and (KKc(T2/Ti), KKcTd) planes for PID controller design. PID controller parameter values achieving stability of the control system can be determined by the obtained stability boundary loci. The advantage of the method given in this study compared with previous studies in this subject is to remove the need of re-plotting the stability boundary locus as the process transfer function changes. That is, the approach results in somehow generalized stability boundary loci for integrating plus time delay processes under a PID controller. Application of the method has been clarified with examples.Öğe Temperature dependent electrical transport in Al/Poly(4-vinyl phenol)/ p -GaAs metal-oxide-semiconductor by sol-gel spin coating method(Hindawi, 2016-03-10) Özden, Şadan; Tozlu, Cem; Pakma, OsmanDeposition of poly(4-vinyl phenol) insulator layer is carried out by applying the spin coating technique onto p-type GaAs substrate so as to create Al/poly(4-vinyl phenol)/p-GaAs metal-oxide-semiconductor (MOS) structure. Temperature was set to 80-320 K while the current-voltage (I-V) characteristics of the structure were examined in the study. Ideality factor (n) and barrier height (φ b) values found in the experiment ranged from 3.13 and 0.616 eV (320 K) to 11.56 and 0.147 eV (80 K). Comparing the thermionic field emission theory and thermionic emission theory, the temperature dependent ideality factor behavior displayed that thermionic field emission theory is more valid than the latter. The calculated tunneling energy was 96 meV.Öğe An experimental investigation of the effect of thermophysical properties on time lag and decrement factor for building elements(Gazi University, 2020-06-01) Oktay, Hasan; Yumrutaş, Recep; Argunhan, ZekiThe time lag (TL) and decrement factor (DF) are essential for the heat storage capabilities of building elements, which strictly depend on the thermophysical properties of the elements. Many investigations are presented in literature arguing to find the influence of each thermophysical property on TL and DF by keeping the other properties constant. This study aims to investigate the effect of each property on TL and DF, utilizing relationships between the measurement values of the thermophysical properties of wall materials. Therefore, first, 132 new concrete wall samples were produced, and their thermophysical properties were tested. Secondly, TL and DF values for each building element are computed from the solution of the problem by Complex Finite Fourier Transform (CFFT) technique. Finally, a multivariate regression analysis has been performed, and the variations of each thermophysical property versus TL and DF are presented, and also the findings are compared with literature. The results show that each property alone (keeping the other properties constant) is not adequate to identify the thermal inertia and thermal performance of a wall element. Besides, 87.3 % decrease in thermal diffusivity corresponds to 6.03 h increase in the value of TL and 88.8 % decrease in value of DF; respectively, for W1 wall assembly.Öğe A general view to political and economic events causing the collapse of Mamluk State(Energy Education Science&Technology, Part B, 2012-04) Ağır, Abdullah Mesut; Solak, Kemal; Şen, Mehmet Emin; Platin, İhsann this manuscript, the collapse of Mamluk State, which reigned in Egypt and Syria between the years 1250 and 1517 has been studied. Throughout our study, there found different reasons causing this collapse; the most important ones of which are political and economic. The fact that Mamluk System which had crucial role in Mamluk administration Mechanism and the problems lived along its north border are the fundamental collapsing reasons of the state. Indeed, the fights starting with Mongols and Armenians in the north of the state continued with Anatolian Turkmens and Timurids, eventually Ottomans coming from the same direction caused it to be collapsed. Mamluks were the commercial centre between east and west. At the same time, Syria owned a very industrious trade network between Anatolia. However, the geographical discoveries that Europeans carried out and the Portuguese not only military but also commercial activities in the Indian Ocean weakened Mamluks economically. In addition to this, military struggles along the north border of the state caused incompensable deficits in Mamlûk finance. Consequently, when all these negative aspects combined with an unmodernized army, Mamlûk State closed its era in 1517, when Ottoman army defeated it in Reydaniye, which was the end of a 267 year-old-state.
