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Öğe An analysis of biodiesel requirement, production and policies in Turkey(e-Journal of New World Sciences Academy, 2008-02-01) Aydın, Hüseyin; Bayındır, HasanThe development of alternative fuels from renewable resources, like biomass, has gained considerable attention in recent years. A biodiesel program would give many benefits in terms of generation of employment for poor/rural people, farmers, accelerate of starting many type of industries for developing countries like Turkey. This paper investigates current status of biodiesel in Turkey, advantages and disadvantages of biodiesel in diesel engines, annual diesel fuel consumption, import and export ratings and annual diesel fuel demand. The main focus of this paper is on Turkey’s current fuel status and to clarify Turkey’s biodiesel demand as alternative to fossil diesel fuel. Results show that Turkey is highly in need of alternative energies such as bio-fuels. That’s way it is recommended that Turkey should promote oilseed crops farming to the rise production of biodiesel.Öğe Hayvansal iç yağlardan transesterifikasyon reaksiyonu ile biyodizel üretilmesi(Doğu Anadolu Bölgesi Araştırma ve Uygulama Merkezi, 2008-07-31) Altun, Şehmus; Öner, CengizHayvansal yağlar normal çevre sıcaklığında katı ve çok viskozdurlar. Yüksek viskozitelerinden dolayı dizel motorlarında kullanılmadan önce modifiye edilmeleri gerekmektedir. Hayvansal yağların dizel motorlarında kullanılabilirliliğini iyileştirmek için emülsiyon ve transesterifikasyon etkili iki yöntemdir. Bu çalışmada hayvansal iç yağlardan baz katalizörlü transesterifikasyon ile %99.7 saflıkta metil alkol ve katalizör olarak %98 saflıkta NaOH kullanılarak hayvansal iç yağı metil esteri (biyodizel) üretilmiştir. Hayvansal iç yağı, metil ester şekline dönüştükten sonra viskozitesi önemli ölçüde azalmış ve oda sıcaklığında sıvı fazında bir yakıt elde edilmiştir. Biyodizelin belirlenen yakıt özellikleri ASTM standartlarında olup, viskozitesi ve yoğunluğu dizel yakıtına yakın, ısıl değeri ise %8 daha düşük çıkmıştır.Öğe Atık kızartma yağı metil esterinin bir dizel motorunda motor performansı ve egzoz emisyonlarına etkisinin araştırılması(Fırat Üniversitesi, 2011-05) Aydın, Hüseyin; Behçet, Rasim; Aydın, Selman; İlkılıç, Cumali; Çakmak, AbdülvahapPetrolün sınırlı rezervleri vardır ve gün geçtikçe azalır. Çevre kirliliği ve zararlı yakıtların yanması sonucu ortaya çıkan emisyonlardır. petrol ürünü. Bu alternatif arayışını sürdürür Yukarıda bahsedilen iki temel sorunu çözmek için yakıtlar. Bunda alternatif bir yakıt kaynağı olduğu düşünüldüğünde, atık Yemeklik yağ üretilen biyodizel yakıtı dizel yakıtla karıştırıldı hacimce %25 (B25), %50 (B50) ve %80 (B80) oranlarında ve dizel motorda test edilmiştir. Karışımdan elde edilen test sonuçları yakıtlar, elde edilenlerle karşılaştırılarak sunuldu. dizel yakıt.Öğe Determination of performance and exhaust emissions properties of B75 in a CI engine application(Journals & Books, 2011-09) Aydın, Hüseyin; İlkılıç, CumaliIn this study, performance and exhaust emissions of biodiesel in a compression ignition engine was experimentally investigated. Therefore, biodiesel has been made by transesterification from cotton seed oil and then it was mixed with diesel fuel by 25% volumetrically, called here as B75 fuel. B75 fuel was tested, as alternative fuel, in a single cylinder, four strokes, and air-cooled diesel engine. The effect of B75 and diesel fuels on the engine power, engine torque and break specific fuel consumption were clarified by the performance tests. The influences of B75 fuel on CO, HC, NOx, Smoke opacity, CO2, and O2 emissions were investigated by emission tests. The engine torque and power, for B75 fuel, were lower than that of diesel fuel in range of 2–3%. However, for the B75, specific fuel consumption was higher than that of diesel fuel by approximately 3%. CO2, CO, HC, smoke opacity and NOx emissions of B75 fuel were lower than that of diesel fuel. The experimental results showed that B75 fuel can be substituted for the diesel fuel without any modifications in diesel engines.Öğe Biodiesel production from raw cottonseed oil and its characterization(Energy Education Science and Technolgy Part A, 2011-07) Altun, Şehmus; Yaşar, Fevzi; Öner, CengizIn this study, raw cottonseed oil of Turkish origin was transesterified using methyl alcohol and an alkali catalyst to obtain the cottonseed oil methyl ester. The obtained cottonseed oil methyl ester was analyzed by gas chromatography (GC) for determining the fatty acid composition. The fuel-related properties of cottonseed oil methyl ester, cold filter plugging point, cloud point, kinematic viscosity, density, cetane index, flash point, distillation, sulfur content and heating value were determined and compared with those of petroleum diesel fuel and international biodiesel standards. From gas chromatograph analysis, it was found that the cottonseed oil methyl ester has the more amount of total unsaturated FA, therefore, it showed better cold-flow properties than more saturated ones, as expected. Moreover, the fuel-related properties of cottonseed oil methyl ester were within the specified standardsÖğe Fuel properties of biodiesels produced from different feedstocks(Energy Education Science and Technolgy Part A, 2011) Altun, ŞehmusBio diesel is an oxygenated diesel fuel obtained from vegetable oils or animal fats via transesterification reaction. The fuel properties such as viscosity, density, cetane number and heating value are very important for determining the suitability of bio diesel as a diesel engine fuel. These fuel properties mainly depend on the feedstock which is used in the bio diesel production. In this study, the effect of bio diesels produced from different feed stocks such as inedible animal tallow, crude canola oil and canola oil blended with animal tallow on the fuel properties were experimentally investigated. Bio diesel fuels and their blends with petroluem diesel fuel were compared with petroleum diesel (petrodiesel). The results showed that the viscosity and density of all the methyl esters were higher than that of petrodiesel, while the heating values of the methyl esters was lower. Besides, the viscosity and the density of methyl esters are within the bio diesel standards, except for animal tallow methyl ester and it was slightly out of the specification EN 14214. Animal tallow bio diesel has the highest cetane number than those of other fuels include petrodiesel. It is concluded that bio diesels and their blends with petrodiesel have suitable fuel properties, especially cetane numbers, for diesel combustion process.Öğe The performance and emissions characteristics of a diesel engine fueled with biodiesel and diesel fuel(Kırıkkale Üniversitesi, 2010-01) Altun, Şehmus; Öner, Cengiz; Sugözü, İlkerThis paper presents the performance and emission characteristics of a diesel engine fueled with biodiesel and diesel fuel. The tests were performed in a four stroke, single cylinder, naturally aspirated, air-cooled and direct injection diesel engine at the different engine speed under full-load conditions. The results obtained with biodiesel were compared with the diesel fuel as reference fuel. The engine torque and power obtained in biodiesel were less, and the specific fuel consumption was found to be higher, which could be attributed to lower calorific value of biodiesel. CO emissions for biodiesel were lower than that of diesel fuel. However, it was observed that NOx emissions for biodiesel were higher than that of diesel fuel.Öğe Performance and emission characteristics of a diesel engine fueled with biodiesel obtained from a hybrid feedstock(Energy Education Science and Technology Part A: Energy Science and Research, 2011-04) Altun, ŞehmusVegetable oils and animal fats are widely investigated as a alternative fuel for diesel engines because of their high cetane number. However, animal fats are highly viscous and mostly in solid form at ambient temperature that they need modifications before using them in diesel engines. Pre-heated, blending, transesterification and emulsification are well known to improve usage of animal fats in diesel engines. In this study, biodiesel was produced from a hybrid feedstock (60% crude canola oil/40% inedible animal tallow) by transesterification and tested in a DI diesel engine for determining exhaust emissions and comparing those of biodiesel from pure animal tallow. Biodiesel fuels were tested as blends in diesel fuel (50% biodiesel and 50% diesel fuel). The experimental results show that, compared with animal tallow biodiesel blend, hybrid feedstock biodiesel blend has higher viscosity, density, brake specific fuel consumption, CO and NO x emissions and a lower cetane number, brake thermal efficiency.Öğe Biodiesel production from raw cottonseed oil and its performance in a diesel engine(Technology, 2011) Adin, Hamit; Yaşar, Fevzi; Öner, Cengiz; Altun, ŞehmusIn this experimental work, raw cottonseed oil was converted by KOH-catalyzed transesterification reaction with methyl alcohol to the cottonseed oil methyl ester (biodiesel) and then tested in a single cylinder, four strokes and direct injection diesel engine at the constant engine speed (2000 rpm) under different engine loads. The composition and the fuel-related properties of produced biodiesel were determined by using gas chromatography (GC) and related instruments. An increase in brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC) and decrease in brake thermal efficiency (BTE) for fuel blends were observed compared with diesel fuel. Compared with diesel fuel, exhaust emissions were found to be lower in carbon monoxide, hydrocarbon, nitrogen oxides and smoke with the use of fuel blends. It was concluded that cottonseed oil methyl esterdiesel fuel blends could be substituted for the diesel fuel without any modifications in diesel engines, with better environmental characteristics of fuel blends.Öğe Biodiesel from safflower oil and its application in a diesel engine(Journals & Books, 2011-03) İlkılıç, Cumali; Aydın, Selman; Behçet, Rasim; Aydın, HüseyinSafflower seed oil was chemically treated by the transesterification reaction in methyl alcohol environment with sodium hydroxide (NaOH) to produce biodiesel. The produced biodiesel was blended with diesel fuel by 5% (B5), 20% (B20) and 50% (B50) volumetrically. Some of important physical and chemical fuel properties of blend fuels, pure biodiesel and diesel fuel were determined. Performance and emission tests were carried out on a single cylinder diesel engine to compare biodiesel blends with petroleum diesel fuel. Average performance reductions were found as 2.2%, 6.3% and 11.2% for B5, B20 and B50 fuels, respectively, in comparison to diesel fuel. These reductions are low and can be compensated by a slight increase in brake specific fuel consumption (Bsfc). For blends, Bsfcs were increased by 2.8%, 3.9% and 7.8% as average for B5, B20 and B50, respectively. Considerable reductions were recorded in PM and smoke emissions with the use of biodiesel. CO emissions also decreased for biodiesel blends while NOx and HC emissions increased. But the increases in HC emissions can be neglected as they have very low amounts for all test fuels. It can be concluded that the use of safflower oil biodiesel has beneficial effects both in terms of emission reductions and alternative petroleum diesel fuel.
